Method and apparatus for encoding enhancement and base layer image signals using a predicted image signal

ABSTRACT

The invention provides an encoding apparatus capable of encoding an image signal in a scalable fashion and also provides a decoding apparatus corresponding to the encoding apparatus. In particular, the invention provides an image signal encoding apparatus for encoding a plurality of image signals, wherein at least one of the plurality of image signals is an image signal representing a moving image object, and the plurality of image signals are encoded together with a signal used to combine the image signal representing the moving image object with other image signals. The encoded signal is decoded by the decoding apparatus according to the invention. The invention is characterized in that the apparatus includes: an image supplier for supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer image signal scalably representing the image signal of the moving image object; an enhancement layer encoder for encoding the enhancement layer image signal thereby generating an encoded enhancement layer signal; and a base layer encoder for encoding the base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded base layer signal. In the above encoding process, a reference image signal used to calculate a motion vector of the enhancement layer image signal to be encoded is generated by replacing the values of pixels outside the image object of the enhancement layer image signal with the values of predetermined pixels of the base layer image signal.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an image signal encoding method and animage signal encoding apparatus, an image signal decoding method and animage signal decoding apparatus, an image signal transmission method,and a recording medium which are suitable for use in systems forrecording a moving image signal on a recording medium such as anmagneto-optical disk or a magnetic tape and reproducing the moving imagesignal from the recording medium thereby displaying the reproduced imageon a display device, or systems, such as a video conference system, avideo telephone system, broadcasting equipment, a multimedia databaseretrieving system, for transmitting a moving image signal via atransmission line from a transmitting end to a receiving end so that thetransmitted moving image is displayed on a displaying device at thereceiving end, and also systems for editing and recording a moving imagesignal.

2. Description of the Related Art

In the art of moving-image transmission systems such as video conferencesystems or video telephone systems, it is known to convert an imagesignal into a compressed code on the basis of line-to-line and/orframe-to-frame correlation of the image signal so as to use atransmission line in a highly efficient fashion.

The encoding technique according to the MPEG (Moving Picture ExpertsGroup) standard can provide a high compression efficiency and is widelyused. The MPEG technique is a hybrid technique of motion predictionencoding and DCT (discrete cosine transform) encoding techniques.

In the MPEG standard, several profiles (functions) at various levels(associated with the image size or the like) are defined so that thestandard can be applied to a wide variety of applications. Of these, themost basic one is the main profile at main level (MP@ML).

Referring to FIG. 44, an example of an encoder (image signal encoder)according to the MP@ML of the MPEG standard will be described below. Aninput image signal is supplied to a set of frame memories 1, and storedtherein in the predetermined order. The image data to be encoded isapplied, in units of macroblocks, to a motion vector extraction circuit(ME) 2. The motion vector extraction circuit 2 processes the image datafor each frame as an I-picture, a P-picture, or a B-picture according toa predetermined procedure. In the above procedure, the processing modeis predefined for each frame of the image of the sequence, and eachframe is processed as an I-picture, a P-picture, or a B-picturecorresponding to the predefined processing mode (for example frames areprocesses in the order of I, B, P, B, P, . . . , B, P). Basically,I-pictures are subjected to intraframe encoding, and P-pictures andB-pictures are subjected to interframe prediction encoding, although theencoding mode for P-pictures and B-pictures is varied adaptivelymacroblock by macroblock in accordance with the prediction mode as willbe described later.

The motion vector extraction circuit 2 extracts a motion vector withreference to a predetermined reference frame so as to perform motioncompensation (interframe prediction). The motion compensation(interframe prediction) is performed in one of three modes: forward,backward, and forward-and-backward prediction modes. The prediction fora P-picture is performed only in the forward prediction mode, while theprediction for a B-picture is performed in one of the above-describedthree modes. The motion vector extraction circuit 2 selects a predictionmode which can lead to a minimum prediction error, and generates apredicted vector in the selected prediction mode.

The prediction error is compared for example with the dispersion of thegiven macroblock to be encoded. If the dispersion of the macroblock issmaller than the prediction error, prediction compensation encoding isnot performed on that macroblock but, instead, intraframe encoding isperformed. In this case, the prediction mode is referred to as anintraframe encoding mode. The motion vector extracted by the motionvector extraction circuit 2 and the information indicating theprediction mode employed are supplied to a variable-length encoder 6 anda motion compensation circuit (MC) 12.

The motion compensation circuit 12 generates a predicted image on thebasis of the motion vector. The result is applied to arithmeticoperation circuits 3 and 10. The arithmetic operation circuit 3calculates the difference between the value of the given macroblock tobe encoded and the value of the predicted image. The result is suppliedas a difference image signal to a DCT circuit 4. In the case of anintramacroblock, the arithmetic operation circuit 3 directly transfersthe value of the given macroblock to be encoded to the DCT circuit 4without performing any operation.

The DCT circuit 4 performs a DCT (discrete cosine transform) operationon the input signal thereby generating DCT coefficients. The resultantDCT coefficients are supplied to a quantization circuit (Q) 5. Thequantization circuit 5 quantizes the DCT coefficients in accordance witha quantization step depending on the amount of data stored in atransmission buffer 7. The quantized data is then supplied to thevariable-length encoder 6.

The variable-length encoder 6 converts the quantized data supplied fromthe quantization circuit 5 into a variable-length code using for examplethe Huffman encoding technique, in accordance with the quantization step(scale) supplied from the quantization circuit 5. The obtainedvariable-length code is supplied to a transmission buffer 7.

The variable-length encoder 6 also receives the quantization step(scale) from the quantization circuit 5 and the motion vector as well asthe information indicating the employed prediction mode (the intraframeprediction mode, the forward prediction mode, the backward predictionmode, or forward-and-backward prediction mode in which the predictionhas been performed) from the motion vector extraction circuit 2, andconverts these received data into variable-length codes.

The transmission buffer 7 stores the received encoded image datatemporarily. A quantization control signal corresponding to the amountof data stored in the transmission buffer 7 is fed back to thequantization circuit 5 from the transmission buffer 7.

If the amount of residual data stored in the transmission buffer 7reaches an upper allowable limit, the transmission buffer 7 generates aquantization control signal to the quantization circuit 5 so that thefollowing quantization operation is performed using an increasedquantization scale thereby decreasing the amount of quantized data.Conversely, if the amount of residual data decreases to a lowerallowable limit, the transmission buffer 7 generates a quantizationcontrol signal to the quantization circuit 5 so that the followingquantization operation is performed using a decreased quantization scalethereby increasing the amount of quantized data. In this way, anoverflow or underflow in the transmission buffer 7 is prevented.

The data stored in the transmission buffer 7 is read out at a specifiedtime and output over a transmission line or recorded on a recordingmedium.

The quantized data output by the quantization circuit 5 is also suppliedto an inverse quantization circuit 8. The inverse quantization circuit 8performs inverse quantization on the received data in accordance withthe quantization step given by the quantization circuit 5. The data (DCTcoefficients generated by means of the inverse quantization) output bythe inverse quantization circuit 8 are supplied to an IDCT (inverse DCT)circuit 9 which in turn performs an inverse DCT operation on thereceived data. The arithmetic operation circuit 10 adds the predictedimage signal to the signal output from the IDCT circuit 9 for eachmacroblock, and stores the resultant signal into a set of frame memories(FM) 11 so that the stored image signal will be used as the predictedimage signal. In the case of an intramacroblock, the arithmeticoperation circuit 10 directly transfers the macroblock output by theIDCT circuit 9 to the set of frame memories (FM) 11 without performingany operation.

With reference to FIG. 45, an example of a decoder (image signaldecoder) for performing a decoding operation according to the MP@MLstandard of the MPEG will be described below. Coded image datatransmitted via the transmission line is received by a receiving circuit(not shown) or is reproduced by a reproducing apparatus. Such the codedimage data is stored in a receiving buffer 21 temporarily and thensupplied to a variable-length decoder (IVLC) 22. The variable-lengthdecoder 22 performs an inverse variable-length encoding operation on thedata supplied from the receiving buffer 21. The variable-length decoder22 outputs a motion vector and information indicating the associatedprediction mode to a motion compensation circuit 27. The variable-lengthdecoder 22 also supplies a quantization step -to the inversequantization circuit 23. Furthermore, the variable-length decoded datais supplied from the variable-length decoder 22 to the inversequantization circuit 23.

The inverse quantization circuit 23 performs an inverse quantizationoperation on the quantized data supplied from the variable-lengthdecoder 22 using the quantization step supplied from the variable-lengthdecoder 22, and supplies the resultant signal to an IDCT circuit 24. TheIDCT circuit 24 performs an inverse DCT process on the data (DCTcoefficients) output by the inverse quantization circuit 23, andsupplies the resultant data to an arithmetic operation circuit 25.

When the image signal output by the IDCT circuit 24 is an I-picturedata, the data is stored via the arithmetic operation circuit 25 in aset of frame memories 26 so that predicted image data can be producedlater for use in processing an image signal input to the arithmeticoperation circuit 25. The data output by the arithmetic operationcircuit 25 is also output as a reproduced image signal to the outside.

In the case where the input bit stream is a P- or B-picture signal, themotion compensation circuit 27 generates a predicted image from theimage signal stored in the set of frame memories 26 in accordance withthe motion vector and the associated prediction mode supplied from thevariable-length decoder 22, and outputs the resultant predicted image tothe arithmetic operation circuit 25. The arithmetic operation circuit 25adds the predicted image signal supplied from the motion compensationcircuit 27 to the image signal received from the IDCT circuit 24 therebycreating an output image signal. In the case where the given imagesignal is a P-picture, the output signal of the arithmetic operationcircuit 25 is stored in the set of frame memories 26 so that it can beused as a reference image signal in processing a subsequent image signalto be decoded. In the case of an intramacroblock, the signal is simplyoutput without being subjected to any process via the arithmeticoperation circuit 25.

In the MPEG standard, various profiles at various levels are alsodefined, and various tools are available.

For example, scalability is available as one of these tools.

The scalability of the MPEG encoding technique makes it possible toencode various image signals having different image sizes at variousframe rates. For example, in the case of the spatial scalability, whenonly a base layer bit stream is decoded, an image signal having a smallimage size may be decoded, while an image signal having a large imagesize may be decoded if both base layer and enhancement layer bit streamsare decoded.

With reference to FIG. 46, an example of an encoder having the spatialscalability will be described below. In the spatial scaling, an imagesignal having a small image size is given as a base layer signal, whilean image signal having a large image size is given as an enhancementlayer signal.

The image signal in the base layer is first stored in a set of framememories 1, and then is encoded in a manner similar to the MP@ML signaldescribed above except that the output signal of an arithmetic operationcircuit 10 is supplied not only to a set of frame memories 11 so that itis used as a prediction reference image signal in the base layer, butalso to an up sampling circuit 31. The up sampling circuit 31 expandsthe received image signal supplied from the arithmetic operation circuit10 up to an image size equal to the image size in the enhancement layerso that it is used as a prediction reference image signal in theenhancement layer.

On the other hand, the image signal in the enhancement layer is firststored in a set of frame memories 51. A motion vector extraction circuit52 extracts a motion vector and determines a prediction mode, in amanner similar to the operation according to the MP@ML.

A motion compensation circuit 62 generates a predicted image signalusing the motion vector in the prediction mode determined by the motionvector extraction circuit 52. The resultant signal is supplied to aweighting circuit (W) 34. The weighting circuit 34 multiplies thepredicted image signal by a weighting factor W, and outputs theresultant signal to an arithmetic operation circuit 33.

The signal output from the arithmetic operation circuit 10, as describedabove, has been supplied to the up sampling circuit 31. The up samplingcircuit 31 expands the image signal generated by the arithmeticoperation circuit 10 up to a size equal to that of the image in theenhancement layer. The expanded image signal is supplied to a weightingcircuit (1-W) 32. The weighting circuit 32 multiplies the image signaloutput from the up sampling circuit 31 by a weighting factor 1-W, andsupplies the resultant signal to the arithmetic operation circuit 33.

The arithmetic operation circuit 33 generates a predicted image signalby adding together the image signals output by the weighting circuits 32and 34, and outputs the resultant signal to an arithmetic operationcircuit 53. The image signal output by the arithmetic operation circuit33 is also input to an arithmetic operation circuit 60. The arithmeticoperation circuit 60 adds together the image signal output by thearithmetic operation circuit 33 and an image signal output by an inverseDCT circuit 59. The resultant signal is stored in a set of framememories 61 so that it is used as a predicted reference frame for thesubsequent image signal to be encoded.

The arithmetic operation circuit 53 calculates the difference betweenthe image signal to be encoded and the image signal output from thearithmetic operation circuit 33, and outputs the result as a differenceimage signal. However, in the case where the macroblock is to beprocessed in the intraframe encoding mode, the arithmetic operationcircuit 53 directly supplies the image signal to be encoded to a DCTcircuit 54 without performing any operation.

The DCT circuit 54 performs a DCT (discrete cosine transform) operationon the image signal output by the arithmetic operation circuit 53thereby generating DCT coefficients. The generated DCT coefficients aresupplied to a quantization circuit 55. The quantization circuit 55quantizes the DCT coefficients, as in the operation for the MP@ML data,using a quantization scale determined in accordance with the amount ofdata stored in a transmission buffer 57. The resultant quantized data issupplied to a variable-length encoder 56. The variable-length encoder 56performs a variable-length encoding operation on the quantized data(quantized DCT coefficients), and outputs the resultant data as anenhancement layer bit stream via the transmission buffer 57.

The quantized data from the quantization circuit 55 is also supplied toan inverse quantization circuit 58. The inverse quantization circuit 58performs an inverse quantization operation on the received data usingthe same quantization scale as that employed by the quantization circuit55. The resultant data is supplied to an inverse DCT circuit 59 and issubjected to an inverse DCT process. The result is supplied to thearithmetic operation circuit 60. The arithmetic operation circuit 60adds together the image signal output from the arithmetic operationcircuit 33 and the image signal output from the inverse DCT circuit 59,and stores the resultant signal in the set of frame memories 61.

The variable-length encoder 56 also receives the enhancement layermotion vector extracted by the motion vector extraction circuit 52 andthe information indicating the associated prediction mode, thequantization scale employed by the quantization circuit 55, and theweighting factor W used by the weighting circuits 32 and 34. These dataare encoded by the variable-length encoder 56, and resultant data isoutput. Then, an enhancement layer bit stream and a base layer bitstream are multiplexed by a multiplexer (not shown) and output via atransmission line or recorded on a recording medium.

Now referring to FIG. 47, an example of a decoder having the capabilityof spatial scaling will be described below. The base layer bit streaminput to a reception buffer 21 is decoded in a similar manner to theMP@ML signal described above except that the output image signal of anarithmetic operation circuit 25 is not only supplied as a base layerimage signal to the outside but also stored in the set of frame memories26 so that it can be used as a prediction reference image signal inprocessing a subsequent image signal to be decoded. Furthermore, theoutput image signal of the arithmetic operation circuit 25 is alsosupplied to an up sampling circuit 81 so as to expand the image signalto an image size equal to the image size in the enhancement layer sothat it is used as a prediction reference image signal in theenhancement layer.

On the other hand, the enhancement layer bit stream is stored in areception buffer 71, and then supplied to a variable-length decoder 72.The variable-length decoder 72 performs a variable-length decodingoperation on the received data thereby generating quantized DCTcoefficients, a quantization scale, an enhancement layer motion vector,prediction mode data, and a weighting factor W. The variable-lengthdecoded data output from the variable-length decoder 72 are supplied toan inverse quantization circuit 73. The inverse quantization circuit 73performs an inverse quantization operation on the received data usingthe quantization scale. The resultant data is supplied to an inverse DCTcircuit 74, and is subjected to an inverse DCT process. The resultantimage signal is supplied to an arithmetic apparition circuit 75.

The motion compensation circuit 77 generates a predicted image signalaccording to the decoded motion vector and prediction mode, and suppliesthe resultant signal to a weighting circuit 84. The weighting circuit 84multiplies the output signal of the motion compensation circuit 77 bythe weighting factor W decoded, and supplies the result to an arithmeticoperation circuit 83.

The output image signal of the arithmetic operation circuit 25 is outputas a reproduced base layer image signal, and also supplied to the set offrame memories 26. Furthermore, the image signal output from thearithmetic operation circuit 25 is also supplied to the up samplingcircuit 81 so as to expand it to an image size equal to the image sizein the enhancement layer. The expanded image signal is then supplied toa weighting circuit 82. The weighting circuit 82 multiplies the imagesignal output from the up sampling circuit 81 by a weighting factor(z1-W) decoded, and supplies the resultant signal to the arithmeticoperation circuit 83.

Arithmetic operation circuit 83 adds together the output image signalsof the weighting circuits 82 and 84, and supplies the result to thearithmetic operation circuit 75. The arithmetic operation circuit 75adds the image signal output from the inverse DCT circuit 74 and theimage signal output from the arithmetic operation circuit 83, therebygenerating a reproduced enhancement layer image, which is supplied notonly to the outside but also to a set of frame memories 76. The signalstored in the set of frame memories 76 is used as a prediction referenceimage signal in a later process to decode a subsequent image signal.

Although the above description deals with the operation of processing aluminance signal, the operation associated with a color differencesignal is also performed in a similar manner except that the motionvector used for the luminance signal is reduced to half in both verticaland horizontal directions.

In addition to the MPEG standard, there are various standards forconverting a moving image signal into a compressed code in a highlyefficient manner. For example, the H.261 and H.263 standards establishedby the ITU-T are employed in encoding process especially forcommunication. Although there are some differences in the detailsassociated with for example header information, the H.261 and H.263standards are also based on the combination of motion compensationprediction encoding and DCT encoding, and thus an encoder and a decodercan be implemented in a similar manner to those described above.

It is also known in the art to compose an image by combining a pluralityof images using a chromakey. In this technique, an image of an object istaken in front of a background having a particular uniform color such asblue. Areas having colors other than blue are extracted from the image,and the extracted image is combined with another image. In the aboveprocess, the signal representing the extracted areas is referred to as akey signal.

FIG. 48 illustrates the method of encoding a composite image signal. InFIG. 48, a background image F1 and a foreground image F2 are combinedinto a single image. The foreground image F2 is obtained by taking apicture of an object in front of a background having a particular color,and then extracting the areas having colors different from thebackground color. The extracted areas are represented by a key signalK1. A composite image F3 is obtained by combining the foreground imageF2 and the background image F1 using the key signal K1. Then thecomposite image F3 is encoded according to an appropriate encodingtechnique such as the MPEG encoding technique. When the composite imageis encoded, the information of the key signal is lost. Therefore, whenthe decoded composite image is edited or recomposed, it is difficult tochange only the background image F1 while maintaining the foregroundimage F2 unchanged.

Instead, as shown in FIG. 49, the background image F1, the foregroundimage F2, and the key signal K1 may first be encoded separately, andthen the respective encoded signals may be multiplexed into a single bitstream of a composite image F3.

FIG. 50 illustrates the technique of decoding the bit stream produced inthe manner shown in FIG. 49 into a composite image F3. The bit stream issubjected to a demultiplexing process and is decomposed into separatebit streams of the image F1, the image F2, and the key signal K1,respectively. These bit streams are decoded separately so as to obtain adecoded image F1′, a decoded image F2′, and a decoded key signal K1′. Ifthe decoded image F1′ is combined with the decoded image F2′ using thedecoded key signal K1′, then it is possible to obtain a decodedcomposite image F3′. In this technique, it is possible to easily carryout re-edit or recomposition. For example it is possible to change onlythe background image F1 while maintaining the foreground image F2.

In the following description, a sequence of images such as images F1 andF2 constituting a composite image are referred to as a VO (videoobject). An image frame of a VO at a certain time is referred to as aVOP (video object plane). Each VOP consists of a luminance signal, acolor difference signal, and a key signal.

An image frame refers to one image at a certain time. An image sequenceis a set of image frames taken at various times. That is, each VO is aset of VOPs at various times. The size and position of each VO vary withtime. That is, even if VOPs are included in the same VO, they can bediffer in size and position from one another.

FIGS. 51 and 52 illustrate an encoder and decoder, respectively,according to the present technique. An image signal is first input to aVO generator 101. The VO generator 101 decomposes the input signal intoa background image signal, an image signal of each object, and anassociated key signal. Each VO consists of an image signal and a keysignal. The respective VOs of image signals output from the VO generator101 are input to corresponding VOP generators 102-0 to 102-n. Forexample, the image signal and the key signal of Vo-0 are input to theVOP generator 102-0, and the image signal and the key signal of Vo-1 areinput to the VOP generator 102-1. Similarly, the image signal and thekey signal of Vo-n are input to the VOP generator 102-n, When the imagesignal represents a background, there is no key signal.

In the case of an image signal generated using a chromakey such as thatshown in FIG. 49, the image signals VO-0 to VO-n and associated keysignals output from the VO generator 101 are directly used as imagesignals of the respective VOs and associated key signals. When an imagehas no key signal or the key signal of the image is lost, a key signalis generated by extracting predetermined areas by means of image areadivision technique thereby generating a VO.

Each VOP generator 102-0 to 102-n extracts a minimum rectangularcontaining an object in the image from each image frame wherein the sizeof the rectangular is selected such that the number of pixels in thevertical direction and that in the horizontal direction are integralmultiples of 16. The respective VOP generators 102-0 to 102-n thenextract an image signal (luminance signal and color difference signal)and a key signal included in the corresponding rectangles, and outputthe extracted signals. The VOP generators also output a flag indicatingthe size of the VOPs and the position of the VOPs represented inabsolute coordinates.

The output signals of the respective VOP generators 102-0 to 102-n areinput to corresponding VOP encoders 103-0 to 103-n and encoded. Theoutput signals of the VOP encoders 103-0 to 103-n are input to amultiplexer 104 and combined into a single bit stream.

When the bit stream containing multiplexed signals is input to thedecoder shown in FIG. 52, the input bit stream is first demultiplexed bya demultiplexer 111 into separate bit streams associated with therespective VOs. The respective VO bit streams are input to correspondingVOP decoders 112-0 to 112-n and decoded. Thus, the image signals, keysignal, the flags indicating the VOP sizes, and the flags indicating thepositions of VOPs represented in absolute coordinates of the respectiveVOPs are reproduced by the respective VOP decoders 112-0 to 112-n. Thereproduced signals are input to an image reconstruction circuit 113. Theimage reconstruction circuit 113 generates a reproduced image using theimage signals, key signals, size flags, absolute coordinate positionflags associated with the respective VOPs.

Referring to FIGS. 53 and 54, examples of the constructions of the VOPencoder 103-0 and the VOP decoder 112-0 are described below. In FIG. 53,The image signal and the key signal of each VOP are input to an imagesignal encoder 121 and a key signal encoder 122, respectively. The imagesignal encoder 121 encodes the image signal according to for example theMPEG or H.263 standard. The key signal encoder 1L22 encodes the receivedkey signal by means of for example DPCM. Alternatively, motioncompensation associated with the key signal may be performed using themotion vector detected by the image signal encoder 121, and the obtaineddifferential signal may be encoded. The amount of bits generated in thekey signal encoding is input to the image signal encoder 121 and iscontrolled so that the bit rate is maintained at a predetermined value.

The bit stream of the encoded image signal (motion vector and textureinformation) and the bit stream of the encoded key signal are input to amultiplexer 123 and combined into a single bit stream. The resultant bitstream is output via a transmission buffer 124.

When the bit stream is input to the VOP decoder shown in FIG. 54, thebit stream is first applied to a demultiplexer 131. The Demultiplexer131 demultiplexes the received bit stream into the bit stream of theimage signal (motion vector and texture information) and the bit streamof the key signal, which are then decoded by an image signal decoder 132and a key signal decoder 133, respectively. In the case where the keysignal is encoded by means of motion compensation, the motion vectordecoded by the image signal decoder 132 is input to the key signaldecoder 133 so that the key signal decoder 133 can decode the key signalusing the motion vector.

The above-described method of decoding the image VOP by VOP has aproblem associated with the motion compensation which occurs when theimage is decoded VOP by VOP. The VOP varies in the size and positionwith time. That is, VOPs belonging to the same VO are differ in size andposition from one another. Therefore, when a VOP which is different intime is referred to for example in the motion compensation process, itis required to encode the flag indicating the position and size of theVOP and transmit the encoded flag signal, as will be described in detailbelow with reference to FIG. 55.

In FIG. 55, an image F11 corresponds to a VOP at a time t of a certainvideo object VO0, and an image F12 corresponds to a VOP at the same timet of a video object VO1. The images F11 and F12 are different in sizefrom each other. The positions of the images F11 and F12 are representedby absolute coordinates OST0 and OST1, respectively.

If a VOP to be encoded and a VOP to be referred to are placed in anabsolute coordinate system, and a reference position in absolutecoordinates is transmitted as a motion vector, it becomes possible torealize motion compensation.

In this case, the motion compensation is performed as follows. In thefollowing description, it is assumed that the image has an arbitraryshape. In the case where the VOP has a rectangular shape, the motioncompensation can be performed according to the known method such as thatdefined in the H.263 standard.

FIG. 56 illustrates a current VOP to be encoded. The VOP has arectangular shape containing an image object wherein the size of therectangle is an integral multiple of 16 in both horizontal and verticaldirections. The size of the rectangle of the VOP is selected such thatthe resultant rectangle is a minimum one which can contain the object.When the VOP is encoded, encoding and motion compensation are performedfrom one macroblock to another wherein each macroblock has a size of16×16 pixels. The size of each macroblock may also be set to 8×8 pixels,and the motion compensation may be performed from one macroblock toanother having the same size.

FIG. 57 illustrates a VOP to be referred to. The VOP is stored at apredetermined location of a frame memory in accordance with the flagindicating the position of the VOP in the absolute coordinates and theflag indication the VOP size. In the case of a VOP having an arbitraryshape, when a motion vector is extracted, a problem occurs due to thefact that the VOP has an area containing an image and an area containingno image.

First, the process performed on the reference VOP will be describedbelow. In the case where the reference VOP has an arbitrary shape, thepixel values in the area containing no image are calculated from thepixel values in the area containing an image as described below.

1. First, the pixel values in the outside of the image object, in whichthere is no image, are set to 0.

2. The VOP is then scanned in the horizontal direction. Each horizontalline of the VOP is divided into line segments in which all pixel valuesare 0 and line segments in which all pixels have values which are notequal to 0. Those line segments in which all pixels have values notequal to 0 are not subjected to any process. The other line segments canbe divided into line segments whose both ends have non-zero pixel valuesand line segments whose one end is an end of the VOP and the other endis a non-zero pixel value. Those line segments whose both ends havenon-zero pixel values are subjected to replacement such that all pixelvalues on the line segments are replaced with the average of -the pixelvalues at both ends. In the other case, the pixel values on the linesegments are all replaced with the non-zero pixel value at one end.

3. The process step 2 is also performed in the vertical direction.

4. For those pixels which are changed in value in both process steps 2and 3, the pixel values are replaced by means values.

5. For those pixels which have a pixel value of 0 when the process 4 hasbeen completed, the pixel values are replaced by the value of a non-zeropixel at the nearest location. If there are two nearest non-zero pixels,the mean value of these two pixel values is employed.

When a motion vector is detected, the pixel values in non-image areas ofa reference VOP are set to non-zero values according to theabove-described method. A prediction error relative to the referenceimage is calculated for a macroblock to be encoded, and a vector whichgives a minimum prediction error is employed as a motion vector. In thiscalculation process, the VOP to be encoded can be such a VOP having anarbitrary shape, or the macroblock to be encoded can include an areacontaining no image. When the macroblock includes an area containing noimage, those pixels in the area containing no image are neglected in thecalculation of the prediction error. That is, the prediction error iscalculated using only those pixels corresponding to an image.

Whether each pixel in the VOP corresponds to an image or not can bejudged by referring to the corresponding key signal. If thecorresponding key signal has a value of 0, the pixel is not in an image.In the other case, the pixel is in an image.

When the motion vector is detected using the technique described above,it is required to perform a great amount of computations. Thus, there isa need for a method of performing computations in a more simple fashion.

In view of the above, it is an object of the present invention toprovide a technique of improving the encoding efficiency therebyreducing the computation cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided animage signal encoding apparatus for encoding a plurality of imagesignals, at least one of the plurality of image signals being an imagesignal representing a moving image object, at least one of the pluralityof image signals including a signal used to combine it with other imagesignal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the apparatus comprising:

an image supplier for supplying a base layer image signal and anenhancement layer image signal scalably representing the image signalrepresenting a moving image object;

an enhancement layer encoder for encoding the enhancement layer imagesignal thereby generating an encoded enhancement layer signal; and

a base layer encoder for encoding the base layer image signal therebygenerating an encoded base layer signal;

wherein the enhancement layer encoder comprises:

a generator for generating a reference image signal used to calculate amotion vector of the enhancement layer image signal to be encoded, thereference image signal being generated by replacing the values of pixelsoutside the image object of the enhancement layer image signal with thevalues of predetermined pixels of the base layer image signal;

a detector for detecting the motion vector of the enhancement layerimage signal to be encoded using the reference image signal; and

an enhancement layer encoder for encoding the enhancement layer imagesignal to be encoded using a predicted image signal of the enhancementlayer image signal to be encoded, the predicted image signal beinggenerated by performing motion compensation using the motion vectordetected.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an imagesignal encoding method for encoding a plurality of image signals, atleast one of the plurality of image signals being an image signalrepresenting a moving image object, at least one of the plurality ofimage signals including a signal used to combine it with other imagesignal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the method comprising thesteps of:

supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer imagesignal scalably representing the image signal representing a movingimage object;

encoding the enhancement layer image signal thereby generating anencoded enhancement layer signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded baselayer signal;

wherein the step of encoding the enhancement layer image signalcomprises the steps of:

generating a reference image signal used to calculate a motion vector ofthe enhancement layer image signal to be encoded, the reference imagesignal being generated by replacing the values of pixels outside theimage object of the enhancement layer image signal with the values ofpredetermined pixels of the base Layer image signal;

detecting the motion vector of the enhancement layer image signal to beencoded using the reference image signal; and

encoding the enhancement layer image signal to be encoded using apredicted image signal of the enhancement layer image signal to beencoded, the predicted image signal being generated by performing motioncompensation using the motion vector detected.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal transmission method for encoding a plurality of imagesignals and then transmitting the encoded signals, at least one of theplurality of image signals being an image signal representing a movingimage object, at least one of the plurality of image signals including asignal used to combine it with other image signal(s) of the plurality ofimage signals, the method comprising the steps of:

supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer imagesignal scalably representing the image signal representing a movingimage object;

encoding the enhancement layer image signal thereby generating anencoded enhancement layer signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded baselayer signal;

the step of encoding the enhancement layer image signal comprising thesteps of:

generating a reference image signal used to calculate a motion vector ofthe enhancement layer image signal to be encoded, the reference imagesignal being generated by replacing the values of pixels outside theimage object of the enhancement layer image signal with the values ofpredetermined pixels of the base -Layer image signal;

detecting the motion vector of the enhancement layer image signal to beencoded using the reference image signal;

encoding the enhancement layer image signal to be encoded using apredicted image signal of the enhancement layer image signal to beencoded, the predicted image signal being generated by performing motioncompensation using the motion vector detected; and

generating a flag indicating an image to be replaced;

the method further comprising the step of transmitting the encodedenhancement layer image signal, the encoded base layer image signal, themotion vector, and the flag.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal decoding apparatus for receiving an encoded signalgenerated by encoding a plurality of image signals and then decoding theencoded signal, at least one of the plurality of image signals being animage signal representing a moving image object, at least one of theplurality of image signals including a signal used to combine it withother image signal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the encodedsignal including an encoded enhancement layer signal, an encoded baselayer signal, a motion vector, and a flag indicating an image to bereplaced, the apparatus comprising:

a separator for separating the encoded signal into the encodedenhancement layer signal, the encoded base layer signal, the motionvector, and the flag;

a base layer decoder for decoding the encoded base layer signal therebygenerating a decoded base layer image signal; and

an enhancement layer decoder for decoding the encoded enhancement layersignal thereby generating a decoded enhancement layer image signal;

wherein the enhancement layer decoder comprises: a replaced imagegenerator for generating a replaced image signal by replacing the valuesof pixels outside an image object of the decoded enhancement layer imagesignal with the values of predetermined pixels of the base layer imagesignal in accordance with the flag; and a generator for generating thedecoded enhancement layer image signal using a predicted image signalgenerated by performing motion compensation on the replaced image signalusing the motion vector.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an imagesignal decoding method for receiving an encoded signal generated byencoding a plurality of image signals and then decoding the encodedsignal, at least one of the plurality of image signals being an imagesignal representing a moving image object, at least one of the pluralityof image signals including a signal used to combine it with other imagesignal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the encoded signalincluding an encoded enhancement layer signal, an encoded base layersignal, a motion vector, and a flag indicating an image to be replaced,the method comprising the steps of:

separating the encoded signal into the encoded enhancement layer signal,the encoded base layer signal, the motion vector, and the flag;

decoding the encoded base layer signal thereby generating a decoded baselayer image signal; and

decoding the encoded enhancement layer signal thereby generating adecoded enhancement layer image signal;

wherein the step of decoding the enhancement layer signal comprises thesteps of:

generating a replaced image signal by replacing the values of pixelsoutside an image object of the decoded enhancement layer image signalwith the values of predetermined pixels of the base layer image signalin accordance with the flag; and

generating the decoded enhancement layer image signal using a predictedimage signal generated by performing motion compensation on the replacedimage signal using the motion vector.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal recording medium capable of being decoded by a decodingapparatus, the recording medium including a recorded signal, therecorded signal including an encoded signal generated by encoding aplurality of image signals, at least one of the plurality of imagesignals being an image signal representing a moving image object, atleast one of the plurality of image signals including a signal used tocombine it with other image signal(s) of the plurality of image signals,the encoded signal including an encoded enhancement layer signal, anencoded base layer signal, a motion vector, and a flag indicating animage to be replaced, the encoded signal being generated by the stepsof:

supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer imagesignal scalably representing the image signal representing a movingimage object;

encoding the enhancement layer image signal thereby generating anencoded enhancement layer signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded baselayer signal;

wherein the step of encoding the enhancement layer image signalcomprises the steps of: generating a reference image signal used tocalculate a motion vector of the enhancement layer image signal to beencoded, the reference image signal being generated by replacing thevalues of pixels outside the image object of the enhancement layer imagesignal with the values of predetermined pixels of the base layer imagesignal; detecting the motion vector of the enhancement layer imagesignal to be encoded using the reference image signal; encoding theenhancement layer image signal to be encoded using a predicted imagesignal of the enhancement layer image signal to be encoded, thepredicted image signal being generated by performing motion compensationusing the motion vector detected; and generating a flag indicating animage to be replaced.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal encoding apparatus for encoding a plurality of imagesignals, at least one of the plurality of image signals being an imagesignal representing a moving image object, at least one of the pluralityof image signals including a signal used to combine it with other imagesignal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the apparatus comprising:

an image supplier for supplying an enhancement layer image signal and abase layer image signal scalably representing the image signalrepresenting a moving image object;

an enhancement layer encoder for encoding the enhancement layer imagesignal thereby generating an encoded enhancement layer signal; and

a base layer encoder for encoding the base layer image signal therebygenerating an encoded base layer signal;

wherein the base layer encoder comprises:

a generator for generating a reference image signal used to calculate amotion vector of the base layer image signal to be encoded, thereference image signal being generated by replacing the values of pixelsoutside the image object of the base layer image signal with the pixelvalues obtained by extrapolating the pixel values inside the imageobject;

a detector for detecting the motion vector of the base layer imagesignal to be encoded using the reference image signal; and

an enhancement layer encoder for encoding the base layer image signal tobe encoded using a predicted image signal of the base layer image signalto be encoded, the predicted image signal being generated by performingmotion compensation using the motion vector detected.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal encoding method for encoding a plurality of image signals,at least one of the plurality of image signals being an image signalrepresenting a moving image object, at least one of the plurality ofimage signals including a signal used to combine it with other imagesignal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the method comprising thesteps of:

supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer imagesignal scalably representing the image signal representing a movingimage object;

encoding the enhancement layer image signal thereby generating anencoded enhancement layer signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded baselayer signal;

wherein the step of encoding the base layer image comprising the stepsof:

generating a reference image signal used to calculate a motion vector ofthe base layer image signal to be encoded, the reference image signalbeing generated by replacing the values of pixels outside the imageobject of the base layer image signal with the pixel values obtained byextrapolating the pixel values inside the image object;

detecting the motion vector of the base layer image signal to be encodedusing the reference image signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal to be encoded using a predictedimage signal of the base layer image signal to be encoded, the predictedimage signal being generated by performing motion compensation using themotion vector detected.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal transmission method for encoding a plurality of imagesignals and then transmitting the encoded signals, at least one of theplurality of image signals being an image signal representing a movingimage object, at least one of the plurality of image signals including asignal used to combine it with other image signal(s) of the plurality ofimage signals, the method comprising the steps of:

supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer imagesignal scalably representing the image signal representing a movingimage object;

encoding the enhancement layer image signal thereby generating anencoded enhancement layer signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded baselayer signal;

wherein the step of encoding the base layer image comprising the stepsof:

generating a reference image signal used to calculate a motion vector ofthe base layer image signal to be encoded, the reference image signalbeing generated by replacing the values of pixels outside the imageobject of the base layer image signal with the pixel values obtained byextrapolating the pixel values inside the image object;

detecting the motion vector of the base layer image signal to be encodedusing the reference image signal;

encoding the base layer image signal to be encoded using a predictedimage signal of the base layer image signal to be encoded, the predictedimage signal being generated by performing motion compensation using themotion vector detected; and

transmitting the encoded enhancement layer signal and the encoded baselayer signal.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal decoding apparatus for receiving an encoded signalgenerated by encoding a plurality of image signals and then decoding theencoded signal, at least one of the plurality of image signals being animage signal representing a moving image object, at least one of theplurality of image signals including a signal used to combine it withother image signal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the encodedsignal including an encoded enhancement layer signal, an encoded baselayer signal, a motion vector, and a flag indicating an image to bereplaced, the apparatus comprising:

a separator for separating the encoded signal into the encodedenhancement layer signal, the encoded base layer signal, the motionvector, and the flag;

a base layer decoder for decoding the encoded base layer signal therebygenerating a decoded base layer image signal; and

an enhancement layer decoder for decoding the encoded enhancement layersignal thereby generating a decoded enhancement layer image signal;

the base layer decoder comprises:

a replaced image generator for generating a replaced image signal byreplacing the values of pixels outside an image object of the decodedbase layer image signal with the pixel values obtained by extrapolatingthe pixel values inside the image object in accordance with the flag;

a generator for generating the decoded base layer image signal using apredicted image signal generated by performing motion compensation onthe replaced image signal using the motion vector.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal decoding apparatus for receiving an encoded signalgenerated by encoding a plurality of image signals and then decoding theencoded signal, at least one of the plurality of image signals being animage signal representing a moving image object, at least one of theplurality of image signals including a signal used to combine it withother image signal(s) of the plurality of image signals, the encodedsignal including an encoded enhancement layer signal, an encoded baselayer signal, a motion vector, and a flag indicating an image to bereplaced, the method comprising the steps of:

separating the encoded signal into the encoded enhancement layer signal,the encoded base layer signal, the motion vector, and the flag;

decoding the encoded base layer signal thereby generating a decoded baselayer image signal; and

decoding the encoded enhancement layer signal thereby generating adecoded enhancement layer image signal;

the step of decoding the enhancement layer signal comprises the stepsof:

generating a replaced image signal by replacing the values of pixelsoutside an image object of the decoded base layer image signal with thevalues obtained by extrapolating pixel values inside the image object inaccordance wit the flag; and

generating the decoded base layer image signal using a predicted imagesignal generated by performing motion compensation on the replaced imagesignal using the motion vector.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided animage signal recording medium capable of being decoded by a decodingapparatus, the recording medium including a recorded signal, therecorded signal including an encoded signal generated by encoding aplurality of image signals, at least one of the plurality of imagesignals being an image signal representing a moving image object, atleast one of the plurality of image signals including a signal used tocombine it with other image signal(s) of the plurality of image signals,the encoded signal including an encoded enhancement layer signal, anencoded base layer signal, and a motion vector, the encoded signal beinggenerated by the steps of:

supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer imagesignal scalably representing the image signal representing a movingimage object;

encoding the enhancement layer image signal thereby generating anencoded enhancement layer signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded baselayer signal;

wherein the step of encoding the base layer image comprising the stepsof:

generating a reference image signal used to calculate a motion vector ofthe base layer image signal to be encoded, the reference image signalbeing generated by replacing the values of pixels outside the imageobject of the base layer image signal with -the pixel values obtained byextrapolating the pixel values inside the image object;

detecting the motion vector of the base layer image signal to be encodedusing the reference image signal; and

encoding the base layer image signal to be encoded using a predictedimage signal of the base layer image signal to be encoded, the predictedimage signal being generated by performing motion compensation using themotion vector detected;

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the construction ofa VOP encoder employed in an image signal encoding apparatus accordingto the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a process performed on picturesin the enhancement layer and the base layer;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the relationship between imagesin the enhancement layer and the base layer;

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the relationship between imagesin the enhancement layer and the base layer;

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the relationship between imagesin the enhancement layer and the base layer;

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the relationship between imagesin the enhancement layer and the base layer;

FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of the relationship between imagesin the enhancement layer and the base layer;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the construction ofthe base layer encoder 204 shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the pixelreplacement circuit 221 shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of the process shown in the flowchart of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the enhancement layer encoder 203 shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of a process performed on picturesin the enhancement layer and the base layer;

FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of a pixel replacement process;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating the process performed by the pixelreplacement circuit 231 shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of a pixel replacement process;

FIG. 16 is a schematic representation of a pixel replacement process;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating the pixel replacement process;

FIG. 18 is block diagram illustrating an example of the construction ofa VOP decoder used in an image signal decoding apparatus according tothe present invention;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the enhancement layer decoder 254 shown in FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the base layer decoder 253 shown in FIG. 18;

FIG. 21 is a schematic representation of the structure of a bit stream;

FIG. 22 illustrates the syntax of a video session;

FIG. 23 illustrates the syntax of a video object;

FIG. 24 illustrates the syntax of a video object layer;

FIG. 25 illustrates the syntax of a video object plane;

FIG. 26 illustrates the syntax of a video object plane;

FIG. 27 illustrates the syntax of a video object plane;

FIG. 28 is a schematic representation of an example of spatialscalability encoding;

FIG. 29 is a schematic representation of an example of spatialscalability encoding;

FIG. 30 is a schematic representation of an example of spatialscalability encoding;

FIG. 31 is a schematic representation of an example of spatialscalability encoding;

FIG. 32 is a schematic representation of an example of spatialscalability encoding;

FIG. 33 is a schematic representation of an example of spatialscalability encoding;

FIG. 34 is a block diagram illustrating another example of a VOP encoderused in the image signal encoding apparatus according to the presentinvention;

FIG. 35 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the first enhancement layer encoder 203 shown in FIG. 34;

FIG. 36 is a flow chart illustrating the process performed by the pixelreplacement circuit 231 shown in FIG. 35;

FIG. 37 is a schematic representation of the relationship among imagesin the base layer, the first enhancement layer, and the secondenhancement layer;

FIG. 38 is a schematic representation of the relationship among imagesin the base layer, the first enhancement layer, and the secondenhancement layer;

FIG. 39 is a block diagram illustrating another example of theconstruction of a VOP decoder used in the image signal decodingapparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 40 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the first enhancement layer decoder 253 shown in FIG. 39;

FIG. 41 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 shown in FIG. 39;

FIG. 42 is a block diagram illustrating another example of theconstruction of the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 shown in FIG. 39;

FIG. 43 illustrates the syntax of a video object layer;

FIG. 44 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof an image signal encoding apparatus;

FIG. 45 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof an image signal decoding apparatus;

FIG. 46 is a block diagram illustrating another example of theconstruction of an image signal encoding apparatus;

FIG. 47 is a block diagram illustrating another example of theconstruction of an image signal decoding apparatus;

FIG. 48 is a schematic representation of the process of combining aplurality of images into a single composite image;

FIG. 49 is a schematic representation of the process of combining aplurality of images into a single composite image;

FIG. 50 is a schematic representation of the process of combining aplurality of images into a single composite image;

FIG. 51 is a block diagram illustrating still another example of theconstruction of an image signal encoding apparatus;

FIG. 52 is a block diagram illustrating still another example of theconstruction of an image signal decoding apparatus;

FIG. 53 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the VOP encoder 103-0 shown in FIG. 51;

FIG. 54 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the constructionof the VOP decoder 112-0 shown in FIG. 52;

FIG. 55 is a schematic representation of absolute coordinates;

FIG. 56 is a schematic representation of an image object; and

FIG. 57 is a schematic representation of an image object.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With an encoding apparatus according to the present invention, scalableencoding is performed VO by VO by means of a scalable encoding techniqueaccording to for example the MPEG standard. When scalable encoding isperformed VO by VO, an image in the enhancement layer can be a part ofan image in the base layer. For example, if a particularly importantarea in a base layer image is improved in image quality, the resultantimage will be good enough in low bit rate applications. This techniquealso allows a reduction of redundant bits. In this case, the particulararea of the base layer image can be improved in the image quality(spatial resolution or temporal resolution) by decoding both bit streamsof the enhancement and base layers.

In the case where the enhancement layer image corresponds to aparticular area of the base layer image, the base layer image hasinformation about the image outside the enhancement layer image. In themotion compensation, the above information can be used to achieve animprovement in the encoding efficiently.

That is, in the present invention, pixel replacement is performed asfollows.

1. When the enhancement layer is referred to in the motion vectorextraction or in the motion compensation, pixels whose pixel value isequal to 0 are replaced with pixels at corresponding locations in thebase layer.

2. In the above pixel replacement process for those pixels whose pixelvalue is equal to 0, a flag is used to indicate whether the pixel valuesshould be replaced with proper base layer image signals. This flag istransmitted after being encoded.

3. When an image of a VOP having an arbitrary shape is expanded using aninterpolation filter or the like, the expansion is performed afterperforming pixel replacement process.

With this technique, when an image is encoded in a scalable fashion VOby VO, even if the size and/or the shape vary with time, it is possibleto perform motion compensation in a highly efficient fashion at areduced calculation cost. As a result, it is possible to realize a highefficiency scalability.

A first embodiment of an image signal encoder according to the presentinvention will be described below. In this embodiment, the VOP encoders103-0 to 103-n and the VOP decoders 112-0 to 112-n shown in FIGS. 51 and52 are replaced by scalable encoders and scalable decoders,respectively, thereby achieving the bit stream scalability.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a VOP encoder 103 according to thefirst embodiment. An image signal and a key signal of each VOP as wellas a flag FSZ indicating the VOP size and a flag FPOS indicating theabsolute coordinate position of the VOP are input to a layered imagesignal generator 201. The layered image signal generator 201 generates aplurality of image signals in different layers from the input imagesignal. For example in the case of the spatial scalability, the layeredimage signal generator 201 generates a base layer image signal and keysignal by reducing the input image signal and key signal. Although inthe specific example shown in FIG. 1, image signals in two layers (anenhancement layer image signal and a base layer image signal) aregenerated, image signals in a greater number of layers may also begenerated. For simplicity, it is assumed in the following descriptionthat image signals in two layers are generated.

In the case of the temporal scalability (scalability along the timeaxis), the layered image signal generator 201 switches the output imagesignal between the base layer image and the enhancement layer imagedepending on the time. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, VOP0, VOP2,VOP4, and VOP6 are output in the base layer and VOP1, VOP3, and VOP5 areoutput in the enhancement layer. In the case of the temporalscalability, expansion/reduction of the image signal (conversion ofresolution) is not performed.

In the case of the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) scalability, the layeredimage signal generator 201 supplies the input image signal and keysignal directly to the respective layers. That is, the same image signaland key signal are supplied to both base layer and enhancement layer.

In the case of the spatial scalability, the layered image signalgenerator 201 performs resolution conversion on the input image signaland key signal, and supplies the resultant image signal and key signalto the base layer. The resolution conversion is performed by means ofreduction filtering process using for example a reduction filter.Alternatively, after the Layered image signal generator 201 performsresolution conversion on the input image signal and key signal, theresultant image signal and key signal may be supplied to the enhancementlayer. In this case, the resolution conversion is performed by means ofexpansion filtering process. Still alternatively, two separatelygenerated image signals and associated key signals (which may or may notbe equal in resolution) may be output from the layered image signalgenerator 201 to the enhancement layer and the base layer, respectively.In this case, which images are supplied to which layers are determinedin advance.

The scalable encoding method performed VO by VO will be described below.The size and/or position of the VO may or may not vary with time. Thescalability can be performed in either of the following modes.

1. The enhancement layer includes the entire area of the base layer.

2. The enhancement layer corresponds to a partial area of the baselayer.

In the case of mode 1, the entire area of the base layer is improved inthe image quality by decoding the enhancement layer and the base layer.Herein, the improvement in the image quality refers to the improvementin the temporal resolution in the case of the temporal scalability. Onthe other hand, it refers to the improvement in the spatial resolutionin the case of the spatial scalability.

In the case of mode 2, only the corresponding partial area of the baselayer is improved in the image quality by decoding the enhancement layerand the base layer.

In both cases of modes 1 and 2, the VOP may have either a rectangular orarbitrary shape. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of spatial scalability inmode 1 for the case where the VOP has a rectangular shape. On the otherhand, FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a spatial scalability in mode 2for the case where the VOP has a rectangular shape.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate examples of spatial scalability in mode 1 forthe case where the VOPs have an arbitrary shape. FIG. 7 illustrates anexample of spatial scalability in mode 2 for the case where the VOP hasan arbitrary shape.

The mode of scalability is determined in advance, and the layered imagesignal generator 201 sets the enhancement and base layers in accordancewith the predetermined mode.

The layered image signal generator 201 also outputs flags indicating thesizes and absolute coordinate positions of VOPs in the respectivelayers. For example, in the case of the VOP encoder shown in FIG. 1, aflag FSZ^(—)B indicating the size of the base layer VOP and a flagFPOS_B indicating the absolute coordinate position of the base layer VOPare output to the base layer encoder 204. On the other hand, a flagFSZ_E indicating the size of the enhancement layer VOP and a flag FPOS_Eindicating the absolute coordinate position of the enhancement layer VOPare output to the enhancement layer encoder 203 via the delay circuit202.

Furthermore, the layered image signal generator 201 outputs a flag FRindicating the ratio of the size of the enhancement layer VOP relativeto the size of the base layer VOP to the resolution converter 205 andthe enhancement layer encoder 203 via the delay circuit 202.

Referring now to FIG. 8, the base layer encoder 204 will be describedbelow. In FIG. 8, similar elements to those in FIG. 44 are denoted bysimilar reference numerals.

An input image signal is first supplied to a set of frame memories 1,and stored therein in the predetermined order. The set of frame memories1 stores the image signal of the VOP, the flag FSZ_B indicating the sizeof the VOP, and the flag FPOS_B indicating the absolute coordinateposition of the VOP. The set of frame memories 1 can store image signalsand flags FSZ_B and FPOS_B for a plurality of VOPs. The image signal tobe encoded is supplied macroblock by macroblock to a motion vectorextraction circuit 222 and an arithmetic operation circuit 3.

The motion vector extraction circuit 222 processes the image data foreach frame as an I-picture, a P-picture, or a B-picture according to apredetermined procedure. In the above procedure, the processing mode ispredefined for each frame of an image sequence, and each frame isprocessed as either of an I-picture, a P-picture, or a B-picturecorresponding to the predefined processing mode (for example frames areprocesses in the order of I, B, P, B, P, . . . , B, P). Basically,I-pictures are subjected to intraframe encoding, and P-pictures andB-pictures are subjected to interframe prediction encoding, although theencoding mode for P-pictures and B-pictures is adaptively variedmacroblock by macroblock in accordance with the prediction mode as willbe described later.

The motion vector extraction circuit 222 extracts a motion vector withreference to a predetermined reference frame so as to perform motioncompensation (interframe prediction). The motion compensation(interframe prediction) is performed in one of three modes: forward,backward, and forward-and-backward prediction modes. The prediction fora P-picture is performed only in the forward prediction mode, while theprediction for a B-picture is performed in one of the above-describedthree modes. The motion vector extraction circuit 222 selects aprediction mode which can lead to a minimum prediction error, andgenerates a predicted vector in the selected prediction mode.

The prediction error is compared for example with the dispersion of thegiven macroblock to be encoded. If the dispersion of the macroblock issmaller than the prediction error, prediction compensation encoding isnot performed on that macroblock but, instead, intraframe encoding isperformed. In this case, the prediction mode is referred to as anintraframe encoding mode. The motion vector extracted by the motionvector extraction circuit 222 and the information indicating theprediction mode employed are supplied to a variable-length encoder 6, aset of frame memories 11, and a motion compensation circuit 12.

The motion vector will be described below. Since VOPs are different insize and position from one another, it is required to define a referencecoordinate system in which detected motion vectors are represented. Anabsolute coordinate system is assumed to be defined herein, and motionvectors are calculated using this coordinate system. That is, afterplacing a current VOP and a predicted reference VOP at proper positionsin accordance with the flags indicating their size and positions, amotion vector is calculated. The details of the method of detectingmotion vectors will be described later.

The motion compensation circuit 12 generates a predicted image signal onthe basis of the motion vector, and supplies it to an arithmeticoperation circuit 3. The arithmetic operation circuit 3 calculates thedifference between the value of the given macroblock to be encoded andthe value of the predicted image. The result is supplied as a differenceimage signal to a DCT circuit 4. In the case of an intramacroblock, thearithmetic operation circuit 3 directly transfers the value of the givenmacroblock to be encoded to the circuit 4 without performing anyoperation.

The DCT circuit 4 performs a DCT (discrete cosine transform) operationon the received image signal thereby converting it to DCT coefficients.The resultant DCT coefficients are supplied to a quantization circuit 5.The quantization circuit 5 quantizes the DCT coefficients in accordancewith a quantization step corresponding to the amount of data stored in atransmission buffer 7. The quantized data is then supplied to thevariable-length encoder 6.

The variable-length encoder I5 converts the quantized data supplied fromthe quantization circuit 5 into a variable-length code using for examplethe Huffman encoding technique, in accordance with the quantization step(scale) supplied from the quantization circuit 5. The obtainedvariable-length code is supplied to the transmission buffer 7.

The variable-length encoder 6 also receives the quantization step(scale) from the quantization circuit 5 and the motion vector as well asthe information indicating the prediction mode (that is, the informationindicating in which mode of the intraframe prediction mode, the forwardprediction mode, the backward prediction mode, or forward-and-backwardprediction mode the prediction has been performed) from the motionvector extraction circuit 222, and converts these received data intovariable-length codes.

Furthermore, the variable-length encoder 6 receives the flag FSZ_Bindicating the size of the base layer VOP and the flag FPOS_B indicatingthe position thereof in the absolute coordinates, and also encodes theseflags. The variable-length encoder 6 interposes a key signal bit streamsupplied from a key signal encoder 223 at a predetermined position inthe data bit stream output from the quantization circuit 5. Theresultant bit stream is supplied to the transmission buffer 7.

The key signal associated with the base layer VOP to be encoded is inputto the key signal encoder 223. The key signal is encoded according to apredetermined encoding method such as DPCM, and a resultant key signalbit stream is supplied to the variable-length encoder 6 and the keysignal decoder 224. The key signal decoder 224 decodes the received keysignal bit stream, and supplies the result to a motion vector extractioncircuit 222, the motion compensation circuit 12, the DCT circuit 4, theinverse DCT circuit 9, and an image replacement circuit 221. The decodedkey signal is supplied to the base layer encoder 203 shown in FIG. 1.

The transmission buffer 7 stores the received data temporarily. Theinformation representing the amount of data stored in the transmissionbuffer 7 is fed back to the quantization circuit 5. If the amount ofresidual data stored in the transmission buffer 7 reaches an upperallowable limit, the transmission buffer 7 generates a quantizationcontrol signal to the quantization circuit 5 so that the followingquantization operation is performed using an increased quantizationscale thereby decreasing the amount of quantized data. Conversely, ifthe amount of residual data decreases to a lower allowable limit, thetransmission buffer 7 generates a quantization control signal to thequantization circuit 5 so that the following quantization operation isperformed using a decreased quantization scale thereby increasing theamount of quantized data. In this way, an overflow or underflow in thetransmission buffer 7 is prevented. The encoded data stored in thetransmission buffer 7 is read out at a specified time and supplied tothe multiplexer 206 shown in FIG. 1.

The quantized data output by the quantization circuit 5 is also suppliedto an inverse quantization circuit 8. The inverse quantization circuit 8performs inverse quantization on the received data in accordance withthe quantization step given by the quantization circuit 5. The data (DCTcoefficients) generated by the inverse quantization circuit 8 aresupplied to an IDCT (inverse DCT) circuit 9 which in turn performs aninverse DCT operation on the received data. The resultant value is thenadded by the arithmetic operation circuit 10 with a predicted imagevalue for each block according to the prediction mode. The resultantimage signal is then supplied to a pixel replacement circuit 221 for usein generating a further predicted image. The image signal is subjectedto a pixel replacement process in the pixel replacement circuit 221, andthe resultant image signal is stored in a set of frame memories 11. Inthe case of an intramacroblock, the macroblock output from the IDCTcircuit 9 is supplied to the set of frame memories 11 without beingprocessed by the arithmetic operation circuit 10 and the pixelreplacement circuit 221.

Referring to the flow chart shown in FIG. 9, the process performed bythe pixel replacement circuit 221 is described. If it is concluded instep S1 that the position of a pixel to be processed is within an imageobject, that is, the corresponding key signal has a value which is notequal to zero, then process goes to step S2 in which the pixelreplacement circuit 221 directly outputs the pixel without performingany process on it. On the other hand, if the corresponding key signal isequal to 0, then the process goes to step S3, and 0 is substituted intothat pixel.

In the case where the VOP has a rectangular shape, the key signal alwayshas a value which is not equal to 0 (1 in the case of a binary key, 255in the case of a gray scale key). Therefore, in this case, all pixels ofthe VOP are directly output without being subjected to any process.

Subsequent to step S3, a series of steps from S4 to S8 and a series ofsteps from S9 to S13 are performed in parallel. In step S4, the VOPunder consideration is scanned in the horizontal direction. In thisstep, each horizontal line is divided into the following three types ofline segments. Step S5 judges which of these three types the linesegments are.

1. A line segment whose both ends are located on either end of the VOP.

2. A line segment whose one end is not equal to zero in pixel value.

3. A line segment whose both ends are not equal to zero in pixel value.

For such a line segment whose both ends are located on either end of theVOP (for example a line segment in a space in FIG. 10A), zero issubstituted into the value C in step S6. In the case where the linesegment has non-zero pixel values at its both ends, (for example a linesegment located within a solid area in FIG. 10A and thus both ends ofthe line segment have a pixel value corresponding to black), the averageof pixel values on both ends is substituted into the value C in step S7.In the case where only one of ends of the line segment has a non-zeropixel value (for example a horizontal line represented in FIG. 10A),that non-zero pixel value is substituted into the value C in step S8.

Thus, image processing is performed as shown in FIG. 10A.

Then in step S9, the VOP under consideration is scanned in the verticaldirection., In this step, each vertical line is divided into thefollowing three types of line segments. In the subsequent step S10, itis judged which of these three types the line segments are.

1. A line segment whose both ends are located on either end of the VOP.

2. A line segment whose one end is not equal to zero in pixel value.

3. A line segment whose both ends are not equal to zero in pixel value.

For such a line segment whose both ends are located on either end of theVOP, zero is substituted into the value B in step S11. In the case wherethe line segment has non-zero pixel values at its both ends, the averageof pixel values on both ends is substituted into the value B in stepS12. In the case where only one of ends of the line segment has anon-zero pixel value that non-zero pixel value is substituted into thevalue B in step S13.

Thus the VOP is subjected to image processing as shown in FIG. 10B.

In step S14, if both values B and C are qual to 0, the pixel values aremaintained at 0. On the other hand, if only the value B is not qual tozero, the pixel values are replaced by the value B. In the case whereonly the value C is not equal to zero, the pixel values are replaced bythe value C. If both values B and C are not equal to zero, the pixelvalues are replaced by the average of these.

Thus, the VOP is subjected to image processing as shown in FIG. 10C.

In step S15, after completion of the above processing steps, it isjudged whether pixel values are equal to zero or not. The pixel valueswhich are not equal to zero are directly output. Those pixels having avalue of zero are subjected to replacement in step S16 such that eachpixel value is replaced by a non-zero value of a pixel located nearest,in the horizontal or vertical direction, to the pixel underconsideration. In this replacement, if there are two non-zero pixels atthe nearest positions, the pixel value is replaced by the average ofthese two non-zero pixel values.

Thus, the VOP is subjected to image processing as shown in FIG. 10D.

After completion of the above replacement, the pixel replacement circuit221 supplies the resultant image signal to the set of frame memories 11and the resolution converter 205 shown in FIG. 1.

The set of frame memories 1 stores the image signal output from thepixel replacement circuit 221, the flag FSZ_B indicating the size of theVOP, and the flag FPOS_B indicating the absolute coordinate position ofthe VOP. The set of frame memories 11 also supplies a locally decodedimage signal of the VOP to the enhancement layer encoder 203 via theresolution converter 205.

Now, the motion vector extraction circuit 222 is described. The motionvector extraction circuit 222 extracts a motion vector which results ina minimum prediction error for a macroblock to be encoded relative to areference image signal which is supplied from the set of frame memories11 depending on the prediction mode (I-, P-, B-pictures).

The motion vector extraction circuit 222 also receives a locally decodedkey signal associated with the macroblock being processed from the keysignal decoder 224. The motion vector extraction circuit 222 calculatesa prediction error by referring to the corresponding key signal.

When the VOP to be encoded has an arbitrary shape, the macroblock to beencoded can have an area in which there is no image. In this case, thosepixels in the non-image area in the macroblock to be encoded areneglected in the calculation of the prediction error. That is, theprediction error of the macroblock being processed is calculated usingonly pixels in areas in which there is an image, and the motion vectoris determined so that it gives a minimum prediction error.

It is possible to judge whether each pixel of the macroblock to beencoded corresponds to an image or not by referring to the locallydecoded key signal associated with the macroblock to be encoded. Thatis, if the key signal corresponding to a pixel is equal to 0, then thereis no image corresponding to that pixel. This means that such the pixelis in an area outside an image object. On the other hand, if the keysignal corresponding to a pixel has a value not equal to 0, then thatpixel is in an area in which there is an image or an image object.

When the motion vector extraction circuit 222 refers to the key signalsupplied from the key signal decoder 224, if the key signal is equal to0, then the difference between the value of the pixel corresponding tothe key signal and the reference image signal is not included in thecalculation of the prediction error. When the VOP has a rectangularshape, the key signal always has a value not equal to 0 (1 in the caseof a binary key, 255 in the case of a gray scale key), and thus allpixels of the macroblock are taken in the calculation of the predictionerror.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the resolution converter 205 converts theresolution of the base layer image signal to the resolutioncorresponding to the enhancement image signal by means of filteringoperation in accordance with the flag FR indicating the ratio of thesize of the enhancement layer VOP to the size of the base layer VOP, andsupplies the result to the enhancement layer encoder 203. When themagnification (size ratio) is equal to 1, that is, when the enhancementlayer and the base layer are equal in the size, the resolution converter205 directly outputs the received data without performing any process onit.

The enhancement layer image signal, the key signal, the flag FSZ_Eindicating the size of the enhancement layer VOP, and the flag FPOS_Eindicating the absolute coordinate position of the enhancement layerVOP, which are generated by the layered image signal generator 201, aresupplied to the enhancement layer encoder 203 via a delay circuit 202.The delay circuit 202 makes the input signals delayed by a time requiredfor the base layer encoder to encode the corresponding base layer VOP.

Referring now to FIG. 11, the enhancement layer encoder 203 isdescribed. In FIG. 11, similar elements to those in FIG. 44 are denotedby similar reference numerals.

An input image signal is supplied to a set of frame memories 1, andstored therein in the predetermined order. The set of frame memories 1stores the image signal of the VOP, the flag FSZ_E indicating the sizeof the VOP, and the flag FPOS_E indicating the absolute coordinateposition of the VOP.

The image signal to be encoded is input macroblock by macroblock to amotion vector extraction circuit 232. The motion vector extractioncircuit 232 processes the image data for each frame as an I-picture, aP-picture, or a B-picture according to a predetermined procedure. Inthis procedure, the processing mode is predefined for each frame of theimage sequence, and each frame is processed as an I-picture, aP-picture, or a B-picture corresponding to the predefined processingmode (for example frames are processes in the order of I, B, P, B, P, .. . , B, P). Basically, I-pictures are subjected to intraframe encoding,and P-pictures and B-pictures are subjected to interframe predictionencoding, although the encoding mode for P-pictures and B-pictures isadaptively varied macroblock by macroblock in accordance with theprediction mode as will be described later.

In the case of the spatially scalable encoding, the encoding isperformed for example as shown in FIG. 12. A first VOP in theenhancement layer is encoded as a P-picture. In this case, a VOP in thebase layer which is equal in time to the first VOP in the enhancementlayer is employed as a reference image. A second and subsequent VOPs inthe enhancement layer are encoded as a B-picture. In the encoding ofthese VOPs, the image in the base layer which is equal in time to theimmediately preceding VOP in the enhancement layer is employed as areference image. As in the case of P-pictures in the base layer,B-pictures in the enhancement layer are employed as prediction referenceimages when other VOPs are encoded.

The SNR scalability is a special case of the spatial scalability inwhich the enhancement layer and the base layer are equal in size to eachother.

In the temporal scalability, encoding is performed for example as shownin FIG. 2. A VOP1 is encoded as a B-picture wherein a VOP0 and VOP2 inthe base layer are used as prediction reference images. A VOP3 isencoded as a B-picture wherein a VOP2 in the base layer immediatelypreceding the VOP3 and also a VOP4 in the base layer immediately afterthe VOP3 are employed as reference images. Similarly, a VOP5 is encodedas a B-picture wherein a VOP4 in the base layer immediately precedingthe VOP5 and also a VOP6 in the base layer immediately after the VOP5are employed as reference images.

The process of predicting P- and B-pictures in the enhancement layer isdescribed below. In the prediction in the enhancement layer, not only animage in the same layer but also an image in other layers (scalablelayers) may be employed as a reference image. For example in the case ofa two-layer scalability, prediction of images in a higher layer(enhancement layer) may be performed using images in a lower layer (baselayer). For each scalable layer, a flag ref_layer_id is set to indicatewhich layer other than the same layer is employed as a reference image,and the flag ref_layer_id is encoded and transmitted. Furthermore, aflag ref_select_code is set to indicate from which layer forwardprediction and backward prediction are performed in accordance with theflag ref_layer_id, and this flag ref_select_code is also encoded andtransmitted. Table 1 shows a flag ref_select_code for a P-picture, andTable 2 shows a flag ref_select_code for a B-picture. The syntaxassociated with these flags will be described later.

TABLE 1 ref_select_code forward prediction reference 00 finally decodedVOP in the same layer 01 finally displayed VOP in the reference layer 10VOP in the reference layer to be displayed next 11 VOP in the referencelayer equal in time (motion vector is not transmitted)

TABLE 2 forward temporal backward temporal ref_select_code referencereference 00 finally decoded VOP in the reference layer equal VOP in thesame in time (motion vector is not layer transmitted) 01 finally decodeVOP finally displayed VOP in the in the same layer reference layer 10finally decoded VOP in the reference layer to be VOP in the samedisplayed next layer 11 finally displayed VOP in the reference layer tobe VOP in the displayed next reference layer

The method of prediction in the enhancement and base layers is notlimited to those shown in FIGS. 2 and 12, but the prediction may beperformed in various manners as long as the requirements shown in Tables1 and 2 are satisfied. In the syntax shown in Tables 1 and 2, there isno explicit designation about the spatial or temporal scalability.

In the case of a P-picture, when ref_select_code is ‘11’, VOP equal intime in the layer (reference layer) indicated by ref_layer_id isemployed as a prediction reference image. This mode is also used in thespatial scalability and the SNR scalability. The other modes ‘00’, ‘01’,and ‘10’ are used in the temporal scalability.

In the case of a B-picture, when ref_select_code is ‘00’, a VOP equal intime in the layer indicated by ref_layer_id and an immediately precedingdecoded VOP in the same layer are used as prediction reference images.This mode is used in the spatial scalability and the SNR scalability.The other modes ‘01’, ‘10’, and ‘11’ are used in the temporalscalability.

Which of I-, P-, and B-picture is employed in the process of encodingeach VOP in each layer is determined in advance. The motion vectorextraction circuit 232 sets the flags ref_layer id and ref_select codeaccording to the predefined picture type, and supplies these flags tothe motion compensation circuit 12 and the variable-length encoder 6.

The decoded image signal and key signal in the base layer are suppliedto the enhancement layer encoder 203 via the resolution converter 205,and stored in the set of frame memories 235 therein. The decoded imagesignal supplied herein to the resolution converter 205 has beensubjected to the pixel replacement process in the pixel replacementcircuit 221 shown in FIG. 8.

The flag FSZ_B indicating the size of the base layer VOP and the flagFPOS_B indicating the absolute coordinate position thereof are stored inthe set of frame memories 235 and also supplied to the motion vectorextraction circuit 232 and the motion compensation circuit 12.

The motion vector extraction circuit 232 refers to a predeterminedproper reference frame stored in the set of frame memories 1 or 235, andperforms motion compensation (interframe prediction) thereby extractinga motion vector. The motion compensation (interframe prediction) isperformed in one of three modes: forward, backward, andforward-and-backward prediction modes. The prediction for a P-picture isperformed only in the forward prediction mode, while the prediction fora B-picture is performed in one of the above-described three modes. Themotion vector extraction circuit 232 selects a prediction mode whichleads to a minimum prediction error, and outputs a motion vector and theprediction mode.

The prediction error is compared for example with the dispersion of thegiven macroblock to be encoded. If the dispersion of the macroblock issmaller than the prediction error, prediction compensation encoding isnot performed on that macroblock but, instead, intraframe encoding isperformed. In this case, the prediction mode is referred to as theintraframe encoding mode. The motion vector and the information aboutthe prediction mode are supplied to the variable-length encoder 6 andthe motion compensation circuit 12.

The motion vector extraction circuit 232 in the enhancement layerencoder 203, as in the case of the motion vector extraction circuit 222in the base layer, receives the locally decoded key signal associatedwith the macroblock to be encoded wherein the key signal is locallydecoded by the key signal decoder 234. In this case, the key signaldecoder 234 outputs a decoded enhancement layer key signal. In thecalculation of the prediction error, the motion vector extractioncircuit 232, as in the case of the motion vector extraction circuit inthe base layer, neglects the difference values between pixel values ofthe predicted image and pixel values whose associated key signal isequal to 0. That is, the prediction error is calculated using only thosepixels which are located within an image object and whose associated keysignal has a value not equal to 0, and a motion vector which gives aminimum prediction error is detected.

The motion vector extraction circuit 232 also receives a flag FRindicating the ratio of the size (resolution) of the enhancement layerto the size of the base layer. As can be seen from Table, 2, in the caseof a B-picture (VOP), if ref_selecct_code=‘00’, the encoding isperformed in the spatially scalable mode. In this case, backwardprediction is performed by referring to a VOP equal in time in the baselayer (reference layer), and forward prediction is performed byreferring to an immediately preceding decoded VOP in the same layer. Ifthe magnification flag is equal to 1 (the base layer and the enhancementlayer are equal in resolution to each other), and ifref_select_code=‘00’, the encoding is performed in the SNR scalable modewhich is a special case of the spatial scalability. In this case,backward prediction in the enhancement layer is performed using a motionvector used in the prediction of a VOP equal in time in the base layerin the same prediction mode. Therefore, in this case, the motion vectorextraction circuit 232 directly supplies to the motion compensationcircuit 12 the motion vector and the information about the predictionmode supplied from the base layer. Thus, in this case, thevariable-length encoder 6 does not perform encoding on the motionvector.

According to the motion vector, the motion compensation circuit 12generates a predicted image signal from the image signal stored in theset of frame memories 11 or 235, and supplies the resultant signal tothe arithmetic operation circuit 3. The arithmetic operation circuit 3calculates a difference between the value of the macroblock to beencoded and the value of the predicted image signal, and supplies theresultant difference image signal to the DCT circuit 4. In the case ofan intramacroblock, the arithmetic operation circuit 3 directlytransfers the value of the given macroblock to be encoded to the circuit4 without performing any operation.

The DCT circuit 4 performs a DCT (discrete cosine transform) operationon the received image signal thereby converting it to DCT coefficients.The DCT coefficients are input to the quantization circuit 5 andquantized according to a quantization step corresponding to the amountof data stored in the transmission buffer 7. The resultant quantizeddata is supplied to the variable-length encoder 6.

The variable-length encoder 6 converts the quantized data supplied fromthe quantization circuit 5 into a variable-length code using for examplethe Huffman encoding technique, in accordance with the quantization step(scale) supplied from the quantization circuit 5. The obtainedvariable-length code is supplied to the transmission buffer 7.

The variable-length encoder 6 also receives the quantization step(scale) from the quantization circuit 5 and the motion vector as well asthe information indicating the prediction mode (that is, the informationindicating in which mode of the intraframe prediction mode, the forwardprediction mode, the backward prediction mode, or forward-and-backwardprediction mode the prediction has been performed) from the motionvector extraction circuit 232, and converts these received data intovariable-length codes.

The variable-length encoder also encodes the flag FSZ_E indicating thesize of the enhancement layer VOP, the flag FPOS_E indicating theabsolute coordinate position thereof, and the flag FR indicating theratio of the resolution of the enhancement layer to the resolution ofthe base layer. The variable-length encoder 6 interposes a key signalbit stream at a predetermined position in the encoded image signal bitstream, and supplies the resultant bit stream to the transmission buffer7.

The key signal of the enhancement layer VOP to be encoded is input tothe key signal encoder 233. The key signal is encoded according to apredetermined encoding method such as DPCM, and the resultant key signalbit stream is supplied to the variable-length encoder 6 and the keysignal decoder 234. The key signal bit stream is decoded by the keysignal decoder :234, and the resultant signal is supplied to the motionvector extraction circuit 232 and the motion compensation circuit 12.

The transmission buffer 7 stores the received data temporarily. Theinformation representing the amount of data stored in the transmissionbuffer 7 is fed back to the quantization circuit 5. If the amount ofresidual data stored in the transmission buffer 7 reaches an upperallowable limit, the transmission buffer 7 generates a quantizationcontrol signal to the quantization circuit 5 so that the followingquantization operation is performed using an increased quantizationscale thereby decreasing the amount of quantized data. Conversely, ifthe amount of residual data decreases to a lower allowable limit, thetransmission buffer 7 generates a quantization control signal to thequantization circuit 5 so that the following quantization operation isperformed using a decreased quantization scale thereby increasing theamount of quantized data. In this way, an overflow or underflow in thetransmission buffer 7 is prevented.

The data stored in the transmission buffer 7 is read out at a specifiedtime and multiplexed by the multiplexer 206 shown in FIG. 1 with thebase layer bit stream. The multiplexed signal is then supplied to themultiplexer 104 shown in FIG. 51.

The quantized data output from the quantization circuit 5 is input tothe inverse quantization circuit 8 and subjected to an inversequantization process in accordance with the quantization step suppliedfrom the quantization circuit 5. The data (dequantized DCT coefficients)output from the inverse quantization circuit 8 is input to the IDCT(inverse DCT) circuit 9 and is subjected to an inverse DCT processtherein. The resultant value is then added together by the arithmeticoperation circuit 10 with a predicted image value for each blockaccording to the prediction mode. The resultant image signal is thensupplied to the pixel replacement circuit 231 for use in generating afurther predicted image. The image signal is subjected to a pixelreplacement process in the pixel replacement circuit 231, and theresultant image signal is stored in the set of frame memories 11. In thecase of an intramacroblock, the arithmetic operation circuit 10 directlytransfers the macroblock output by the IDCT circuit 9 to the pixelreplacement circuit 231 without performing any operation.

The pixel replacement circuit 231 of the enhancement layer encoder 203is described in further detail below. As described earlier withreference to FIG. 9, the pixel replacement circuit 221 in the base layerreplaces the values of pixels in a non-image area outside an imageobject with the values of pixels located at periphery of an area inwhich there is an image.

In contrast, the pixel replacement circuit 231 in the enhancement layerperforms not only a similar replacement process to that performed by thepixel replacement circuit 221 in the base layer but also a pixelreplacement process using a decoded base layer reference image outputfrom the set of frame memories 235.

The scalable encoding method performed VO by VO will be described below.The size and/or position of the VO may vary with time or may beconstant. The scalability can be performed in either of the followingmodes.

That is, as described earlier, the scalable encoding for each VO isperformed in different ways depending on the type of VO as describedbelow.

1. The enhancement layer includes the entire area of the base layer.

2. The enhancement layer corresponds to a partial area of the baselayer.

In the type 2, the base layer has information about an area which is notincluded in the enhancement layer. In particular, in the spatialscalability, the enhancement layer and the base layer are equal in timeand thus it is possible to use a base layer reference image converted inresolution.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of pixel replacement process performed bythe pixel replacement circuit 231 in the enhancement layer. In an areacontaining an image in which corresponding key signals have a value notequal to 0 (for example the image object area in FIG. 13), the image inthe enhancement layer is directly employed. In the other area (the areain which horizontal lines are drawn in FIG. 13), the reference image isobtained by replacing pixel values in the enhancement layer with pixelvalues of the base layer image which has been converted in resolution(subjected to an up-sampling process) at locations corresponding to thelocations of the reference image (UVOP0 in FIG. 13).

FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating the process performed by the pixelreplacement circuit 231. If it is concluded in step S21 that the pixelis within an image object, that is, the corresponding key signal has avalue not equal to zero, then the process goes to step S22 in which theimage replacement circuit 231 directly outputs the pixel value withoutperforming any process on that pixel. When the corresponding key signalis equal to 0, the process goes to step S23, and 0 is substituted intothat pixel. In the case where the VOP has a rectangular shape, the keysignal always has a value which is not equal to 0 (1 in the case of abinary key, 255 in the case of a gray scale key). Therefore, in thiscase, all pixels of the VOP are directly output without being subjectedto any process.

The replacement mode is then determined in step S24, a replacementprocess is performed according to that replacement mode. The replacementmode is described in further detail below. The replacement in theenhancement layer is performed in either of two modes. In a first mode,the replacement is performed in the same manner as in the replacementperformed in the base layer. In the other mode, pixel values in theenhancement layer are replaced with values of pixels of a referenceimage in the base layer at corresponding locations. The latter mode isemployed when the enhancement layer corresponds to a partial area of tebase layer, and the encoding is performed in a spatially scalablemanner. The scalability mode and the replacement mode are bothdetermined in advance. A one-bit flag fill_mode indicating thereplacement mode is supplied from the pixel replacement circuit 231 tothe variable-length encoder 6. The flag fill_mode is encoded by thevariable-length encoder 6 and transmitted.

If it is concluded that the flag fill_mode indicating the replacementmode has a value equal to 0, then the process goes to step S25 in whichthe pixel replacement circuit 231 performs replacement in the samemanner as that (FIG. 9) performed by the pixel replacement circuit 221(FIG. 8) in the base layer. The resultant image signal is output to theset of frame memories 11.

In the case where the flag fill-mode indicating the replacement mode hasa value equal to 1, the process goes to step S26 in which the pixelreplacement circuit 231 replaces the pixel values in the enhancementlayer with the pixel value of the base layer reference image signal atcorresponding locations. This replacement method is described in furtherdetail below with reference to FIGS. 15 and 16.

In an example shown in FIG. 15, as in the example shown in FIG. 13, whenan image VOP1 in the enhancement layer is encoded, an immediatelypreceding image VOP0 in the enhancement layer and a base layer imageUVOP1 equal in time which has been converted in resolution (expanded insize or up-sampled) are used as reference images. In this case, thepixel replacement circuit 231 replaces the pixel values in an area otherthan an image object in the image VOPO with the values of pixels, atcorresponding locations, of the image UVOPO in the base layer equal intime which has been converted in resolution (expanded in size orup-sampled).

In the replacement method shown in FIG. 16, which is a modification ofthe method described above, the pixel values in an area other than animage object in the image VOP0 are replaced with the values of pixels atcorresponding locations of the image UVOP1 which is equal in time to theimage VOP1 and which has been converted in resolution.

After completion of the replacement process, the pixel replacementcircuit 231 outputs the resultant image signal to the set of framememories 11.

Although in the method shown in FIG. 14, the replacement mode isswitched in accordance with the flag fill_mode indicating thereplacement mode, the replacement mode may be switched in accordancewith the flag ref_select_code. In this case, replacement is performed asdescribed below with reference to FIG. 17.

As shown in Table 1, when an enhancement layer VOP is to be encoded inthe P-picture prediction mode, if the flag ref_select_code is equal to‘11’, the encoding is performed in the spatially scalable fashion. Onthe other hand, as shown in Table 2, when an enhancement layer VOP is tobe encoded in the B-picture prediction mode, if the flag ref_select_codeis equal to ‘00’, the encoding is performed in the spatially scalablefashion (step S41). In the case where the enhancement layer VOP has anarbitrary shape, and the base layer VOP has a rectangular shape, theenhancement layer corresponds to a partial area of the base layer (stepS42). When the size of the enhancement layer VOP is compared with thesize of the corresponding base layer VOP times the factor of FR, if thesize of the enhancement layer VOP is smaller, then the enhancement layercorresponds only to the partial area of the base layer (step S43).

If it is concluded in steps S41 to S43 that the encoding is performed inthe spatially scalable fashion and that the enhancement layercorresponds only to a partial area of the base layer, the pixel valuesof the reference image are replaced with the pixel values of the baselayer image which has been converted in resolution (step S44). In theother cases, the pixel replacement is performed in the same manner as inthe case where the pixel replacement circuit 221 performs replacement ona base layer image.

The set of frame memories 11 stores the image signal output from thepixel replacement circuit 231, the flag FSZ_E indicating the size of theVOP, and the flag FPOS_E indicating the absolute coordinate positionthereof.

As described above, the bit streams generated by the enhancement layerencoder 203 and the base layer encoder 204, respectively, are input tothe multiplexer 206 as shown in FIG. 1. The multiplexer 206 shown inFIG. 1 multiplexes the enhancement layer bit stream and the base layerbit stream into a single bit stream, and supplies the resultant VO bitstream to the multiplexer 104 shown in FIG. 51. The multiplexer 104shown in FIG. 51 multiplexes the bit streams supplied from therespective VOP encoders into a signal bit stream, and outputs theresultant bit stream either over a transmission line or onto a recordingmedium.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a VOP decoder 112 corresponding to theVOP encoder 1 f03 shown in FIG. 1 according to the first embodiment ofthe invention. In FIG. 18, the bit stream supplied to the VOP decodervia the transmission line or the recording medium is first demultiplexedto an enhancement layer bit stream and a base layer bit stream.

The base layer bit stream is directly supplied to a base layer decoder254. On the other hand, the enhancement layer bit stream is supplied toan enhancement layer decoder 253 via a delay circuit 252.

The delay circuit 252 makes the enhancement layer bit stream delayed bya time required for the base layer decoder 254 to decode one VOP, andthen outputs the bit stream to the enhancement layer decoder 253.

A specific circuit configuration of the base layer decoder 254 isdescribed below with reference to FIG. 19. In FIG. 19, similar elementsto those in FIG. 45 are denoted by similar reference numerals.

After the base layer bit stream is stored temporarily in a receptionbuffer 21, the base layer bit stream is supplied to a variable-lengthdecoder 22. The variable-length decode 22 performs variable-lengthdecoding on the base layer bit stream supplied from the reception buffer21 thereby supplying a motion vector and information representing theprediction mode to a motion compensation circuit 27, informationrepresenting the quantized step to an inverse quantization circuit 23,and the variable-length decoded data to the inverse quantization circuit23.

The variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag FSZ_B indicatingthe size of the VOP and the flag FPOS_B indicating the absolutecoordinate position thereof, and supplies the decoded flags to themotion compensation circuit 26, a set of frame memories 26, and a keysignal decoder 262. The flags FSZ_B and FPOS_B are also supplied to anenhancement layer decoder 253. The variable-length decoder 22 alsoextracts a key signal bit stream, and supplies the extracted key signalbit stream to the key signal decoder 262.

The key signal decoder 262 decodes the key signal bit stream suppliedfrom the variable-length decoder 22 in accordance with a decoding methodcorresponding to the encoding method employed. The decoded key signal issupplied to an IDCT circuit 24, the motion compensation circuit 27, apixel replacement circuit 261. The decoded key signal is also suppliedto the enhancement layer decoder 253 via a resolution converter 255shown in FIG. 18.

The inverse quantization circuit 23 performs inverse quantization on thequantized data supplied from the variable-length decoder 22 bock byblock in accordance with the quantization step supplied from also thevariable-length decoder 22. The resultant signal is supplied to the IDCTcircuit 24. The IDCT circuit 24 performs an inverse DCT process on thedata (DCT coefficients) output by the inverse quantization circuit 23,and supplies the resultant data to an arithmetic operation circuit 25.

In the case where the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 isI-picture data, the image signal is directly output via the arithmeticoperation circuit 25 without being subjected to any process, and isstored in the set of frame memories 26 via the pixel replacement circuit261 for use in generating a predicted image signal of an image signalwhich will be input later to the arithmetic operation circuit 25. Theimage signal output from the arithmetic operation circuit 25 is directlyoutput to an image reconstruction circuit 113 shown in FIG. 52.

When the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 is a P-pictureor a B-picture, the motion compensation circuit 27 generates a predictedimage signal in accordance with the motion vector and informationrepresenting the prediction mode supplied from the variable-lengthdecoder 22, and outputs the resultant signal to the arithmetic operationcircuit 25. The arithmetic operation circuit 25 adds the predicted imagesignal supplied from the motion compensation circuit 27 to the imagesignal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 thereby creating a reproducedimage signal. When the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 isa P-picture, the image signal output from the arithmetic operationcircuit 25 is also stored in the set of frame memories 26 via the pixelreplacement circuit 261 so that it can be used as a reference image inthe process of decoding a subsequent image signal. However, in the caseof an intramacroblock, the arithmetic operation circuit 25 simplytransfers the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 to theoutput without performing any process on it.

The pixel replacement circuit 261 performs pixel repayment in a similarmanner to the pixel replacement circuit 221 (FIG. 8) in the encoder (asshown in the flow chart of FIG. 9).

In FIG. 18, the base layer image signal and key signal decoded by thebase layer decoder 254 are supplied to the image reconstruction circuit113 shown in FIG. 52. The decoded base layer image signal and key signalare also supplied to the resolution converter 255.

On the other hand, the flag PSZ_B indicating the size of the base layerimage VOP and the flag FPOS-B indicating the absolute coordinateposition thereof decoded by the base layer decoder 254 are supplied tothe image reconstruction circuit 113 shown in FIG. 52 and also to theenhancement layer decoder 253.

The enhancement layer bit stream created by the demultiplexer 251 viathe demultiplexing process is supplied to the enhancement layer decoder253 via the delay circuit 252.

The enhancement layer decoder 253 is described in further detail belowwith reference to FIG. 20. In FIG. 20, similar elements to those in FIG.45 are denoted by similar reference numerals.

After the enhancement layer bit stream is stored temporarily in areception buffer 21, the enhancement layer bit stream is supplied to avariable-length decoder 22. The variable-length decoder 22 performs aninverse variable-length encoding operation on the enhancement layer bitstream supplied from the receiving buffer 21. The variable-lengthdecoder 22 outputs a motion vector and information indicating theassociated prediction mode to a motion compensation circuit 27. Thevariable-length decoder 22 also supplies a quantization step to aninverse quantization circuit 23. Furthermore, the variable-lengthdecoded data is supplied from the variable-length decoder 22 to theinverse quantization circuit 23.

The variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag FSZ_E indicatingthe size of the VOP and the flag FPOS_E indicating the absolutecoordinate position thereof, and supplies the decoded flags to themotion compensation circuit 27, a set of frame memories 26, and a keysignal decoder 274.

Furthermore, the variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag FRindicating the ratio of the size (resolution) of the enhancement layerimage VOP to the size (resolution) of the base layer image VOP, andsupplies the result to the motion compensation circuit 27 and theresolution converter 255 shown in FIG. 18.

According to the flag FR indicating the size ratio (magnification), theresolution converter 255 performs resolution conversion on the decodedbase layer image signal and its associated key signal using a filter.The resultant signals are supplied to a set of frame memories 273 in theenhancement layer decoder 253.

The variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag ref_layer_idindicating the reference layer used in prediction, and the flagref_select_code, and supplies the result to the motion compensationcircuit 27. Still furthermore, the variable-length decoder 22 alsodecodes the flag fill-mode indicating the replacement mode and suppliesthe result to a pixel replacement circuit 271. The variable-lengthdecoder 22 also extracts the key signal bit stream and supplies theextracted key signal bit stream to the key signal decoder 274.

The key signal decoder 274 decodes the key signal bit stream suppliedfrom the variable-length decoder 22 in accordance with a decoding methodcorresponding to the encoding method employed. The decoded key signal issupplied to an IDCT circuit 24, the motion compensation circuit 27, andthe pixel replacement circuit 271.

The inverse quantization circuit 23 performs inverse quantization on thedata (quantized DCT coefficients) supplied from the variable-lengthdecoder 22 bock by block in accordance with the quantization stepsupplied from also the variable-length decoder 22. The resultant signalis supplied to the IDCT circuit 24. The IDCT circuit 24 performs aninverse DCT process on the data (DCT coefficients) output from theinverse quantization circuit 23, and supplies the resultant data to anarithmetic operation circuit 25.

In the case where the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 isI-picture data, the image signal is directly output via the arithmeticoperation circuit 25 without being subjected to any process, and isstored in the set of frame memories 26 via the pixel replacement circuit261 for use in generating a predicted image signal of an image signalwhich will be input later to the arithmetic operation circuit 25. Theimage signal output from the arithmetic operation circuit 25 is directlyoutput to the image reconstruction circuit 113 shown in FIG. 52.

When the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 is a P-pictureor a B-picture, the motion compensation circuit 27 generates a predictedimage signal from the image stored in the set of frame memories 26 or273 in accordance with the motion vector, information representing theprediction mode, and flags ref_layer_id and ref_select_code indicatingthe reference layer supplied from the variable-length decoder 22. Theresultant signal is supplied to the arithmetic operation circuit 25. Thearithmetic operation circuit 25 adds the predicted image signal suppliedfrom the motion compensation circuit 27 to the image signal suppliedfrom the IDCT circuit 24 thereby creating a reproduced image signal.When the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 is a P-picture,the image signal output from the arithmetic operation circuit 25 is alsostored in the set of frame memories 26 via the pixel replacement circuit271 so that it can be used as a reference image in the process ofdecoding a subsequent image signal. However, in the case of anintramacroblock, the arithmetic operation circuit 25 simply transfersthe image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 to its output withoutperforming any process on it.

The pixel replacement circuit 271 performs pixel replacement in asimilar manner to the pixel replacement circuit 221 (FIG. 11) in theencoder (as shown in the flow chart of FIG. 14) in accordance to thedecoded flag fill_mode indicating the replacement mode.

If the flag FR indicating the size ratio is equal to 1 and ifref_select_code=‘00’, then the motion compensation circuit 27 generatesa predicted image signal in accordance with the motion vector andinformation representing the prediction mode supplied from the baselayer VOP equal in time, and supplies the resultant signal to thearithmetic operation circuit 25.

In FIG. 18, the decoded enhancement layer image signal, key signal, theflag FSZ_E indicating the size of the enhancement layer VOP, the flagFPOS_E indicating the absolute coordinate position of the enhancementlayer VOP, and the flag FR indicating the size ratio are supplied to theimage reconstruction circuit 113 shown in FIG. 52.

In FIG. 52, the image reconstruction circuit 113 reconstructs an imagesignal in accordance with the image signal, the key signal, the flagindicating the size of the VOP, the flag indicating the absolutecoordinate position of the VOP, and the flag FR indicating the sizeratio, supplied from the VOP decoder 112. The resultant reconstructedimage signal is output to the outside.

An example of scalable encoding syntax is described below.

FIG. 21 illustrates the structure of a bit stream. Herein, a VS (videosession) refers to a set of VO (video object) bit streams. The syntax ofVS is shown in FIG. 22.

FIG. 23 illustrates the syntax of VO (video object). A VO is a bitstream associated with the entire image or a part of an object in animage.

In FIG. 21, a VOL (video object layer) includes a plurality of VOPs andis a class used to realize scalability. The syntax of VOL is shown inFIG. 24. Each VOL is identified by a number indicated byvideo_object_layer_id. For example, if video_object_layer_id=0, thenVOL0 is a base layer. If video_object_layer_id=1, VOL1 is an enhancementlayer. The number of scalable layers can be set to an arbitrary value. Aflag video-object_layer_shape indicates whether the corresponding VOLincludes the entire image or an object which is a part of the image. Aflag video_object_layer_shape indicates the shape of the correspondingVOL, wherein specific shapes indicated thereby are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 video_object_layer_shape code Entire image (rectangle) 00 Binary(Hard Key) 01 Gray-scale (Soft Key) 10

A one-bit flag scalability indicates whether the corresponding VOL is anenhancement layer or a base layer. If scalability=1, the VOL is a baselayer. In the other cases, the VOL is an enhancement layer.

A flag ref_layers_id indicates the VOL number used as a reference imagedifferent from the VOL being processed. This flag is transmitted only tothe enhancement layer.

Flags hor_sampling_factor_n and hor_sampling_factor_m indicate the ratioof the horizontal length of an enhancement layer to that of a base layer(the resolution ratio in the horizontal direction). The horizontal sizeof the enhancement layer relative to that of the base layer is given by:

hor_sampling_factor n/hor_sampling_factor_m

Flags ver_sampling_factor_n and ver_sampling-factor^(—)m indicate theratio of the vertical length of the enhancement layer to that of thebase layer (the resolution ratio in the vertical direction). Thevertical size of the enhancement layer relative to that of the baselayer is given by:

ver_sampling_factor_n/ver_sampling_factor_m

fill_mode is an one-bit flag used to indicate the replacement mode. Whenthis flag is equal to 1, the pixel replacement is performed using a baselayer image which has been converted in resolution. This flag istransmitted only in the enhancement layer.

The syntax of VOP (video object plane) is shown in FIGS. 25 to 27. FlagsVOP_width and VOP_height indicate the size of the corresponding VOP.Flags VOP_horizontal_spatial_mc_ref and VOP_vertical_spatial_mc_refindicate the position of the corresponding VOP represented in absolutecoordinates.

ref_select_code is a flag used to indicate which layer is employed as areference image in the forward prediction and backward prediction inaccordance with the flag ref_layer_id. Specific values ofref_select_code are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

The bit stream output from the multiplexer 104 of the image signalencoder shown in FIG. 51 using the VOP encoder shown in FIG. 1 may betransmitted over a transmission line or recorded on a recording mediumsuch as an optical disk, a magnetic disk, or a magneto-optical disk. Thebit stream recorded on the recording medium can be reproduced anddecoded by the image signal decoder shown in FIG. 52 using the VOPdecoder 112 shown in FIG. 18.

Now a second embodiment of the present invention is described below. Inthis second embodiment, three layers are scalably encoded, although fouror more layers may be scalably encoded in a similar manner according tothe invention. In this embodiment, the VO-by-VO scalable encoding methoddescribed above is expanded to three-layer encoding. In this scalableencoding method for three layers, encoding for the base layer and afirst enhancement layer is performed in a similar manner to the firstembodiment described above.

In the three-layer scalable-encoding, there are two enhancement layer inaddition to the base layer. That is, there are the base layer, the firstenhancement layer, and the second enhancement layer. An image obtainedby decoding the layers up to the second enhancement layer has betterimage qual.ity than can be achieved by decoding the layers up to thefirst enhancement layer. Herein, the improvement in the image qualityrefers to the improvement in the spatial resolution in the case of thespatial scalability encoding, the improvement in the temporal resolution(frame rate) in the case of the temporal scalable encoding, and theimprovement in the SNR of an image in the case of the SNR scalableencoding.

The first enchantment layer and the second enhancement layer can havethree different relationships as described below.

1. The second enhancement layer includes the entire area of the firstenhancement layer.

2. The second enhancement layer corresponds to a partial area of thefirst enhancement layer.

3. The second enhancement layer corresponds to an area wider than thefirst enhancement layer.

The relationship types 1 and 2 are similar to those which occur in thefirst embodiment described above.

The third type of relationship can occur when three or more layers arescalably encoded. More specifically, the third type of relationshipoccurs when the first enhancement layer corresponds to a partial area ofthe base layer and the second enhancement layer includes the entire areaof the base layer, or when the first enhancement layer corresponds to apartial area of the base layer and the second enhancement layercorresponds to an area wider than the first enhancement layer and to apartial area of the base layer.

When the three layers have the third type of relationship describedabove, if decoding is performed using the base layer and the firstenhancement layer, a part of the image in the base layer is improved inimage quality. If decoding is performed by further using the secondenhancement layer, a wider area or the entire image in the base layer isimproved in image quality.

In the third type of relationship, the VOP can have either a rectangularshape or an arbitrary shape.

Examples of scalable encoding processes for the third layer are shown inFIGS. 28 to 33. FIG. 28 illustrates an example in which a VOP has arectangular shape and spatial scalability encoding is performed on it inthe manner corresponding to the first type of relationship describedabove. FIG. 29 illustrates an example in which a VOP also has arectangular shape but spatial scalability encoding is performed in themanner corresponding to the second type of relationship described above.

FIG. 30 illustrates an example in which VOPs in all layers have arectangular shape and spatial scalability encoding is performed in themanner corresponding to the third type of relationship described above.FIG. 31 illustrates an example in which a VOP in the first enhancementlayer has an arbitrary shape and a VOP in the second enhancement layerhas a rectangular shape wherein spatial scalability encoding isperformed in the manner corresponding to the third type of relationshipdescribed above.

FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate examples in which VOPs have an arbitraryshape and spatial scalability encoding is performed in the mannercorresponding to the first type of relationship described above.

Which scalable encoding mode is employed is determined in advance.

FIG. 34 illustrates an example of the circuit configuration of a VOPencoder 103 according to the second embodiment. Herein, the part used-to encode the base layer and the first enhancement layer is constructedin the same manner as the first embodiment (FIG. 1). The VOP encoder 103of this second embodiment includes an additional part which is notincluded in the encoder shown in FIG. 1 and which is used to encode thesecond enhancement layer. The additional part includes a delay circuit207, a second enhancement layer encoder 208, and a resolution converter209. The first enhancement layer encoder 203 and the second enhancementlayer encoder 208 have substantially the same construction.

Although the scalable encoding is performed for three layers in thisembodiment, the technique used herein to expand two layers to threelayers can be employed to expand to N enhancement layers to N+1 layersthereby making it possible to apply the scalable encoding technique toan arbitrary number of layers.

An image signal of each VOP, a key signal, a flag FSZ indicating thesize of the VOP, and a flag FPOS indicating the absolute coordinateposition thereof are input to a layered image signal generator 201. Thelayered image signal generator 201 generates a plurality of imagesignals in separate layers from the input signals. For example, in thecase of the spatial scalability encoding, the layered image signalgenerator 201 reduces the input image signal and key signal at a properratio so as to generate an image signal and a key signal in the baselayer. Similarly, the layered image signal generator 201 reduces theinput image signal and key signal at a proper ratio so as to generate animage signal and a key signal in the first enhancement layer.Furthermore, the layered image signal generator 201 directly outputs theinput image signal and key signal as an image signal and key signal inthe second enhancement layer. Alternatively, the layered image signalgenerator 201 may perform a proper ratio of resolution conversion on theinput image signal and key signal so as to generate an image signal andkey signal in the second enhancement layer. In any case, the layeredimage signal generator 201 generates the first and second enhancementlayers in accordance with predetermined method.

In the case of the temporal scalability (scalability along the timeaxis), the layered image signal generator 201 switches the output imagesignal among the base layer image and the enhancement layer imagesdepending on the time.

In the case of the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) scalability, the layeredimage signal generator 201 supplies the input image signal and keysignal directly to the respective layers. That is, the same image signaland key signal are supplied to the base layer and enhancement layers.

In the case of the spatial scalability, the layered image signalgenerator 201 performs resolution conversion on the input image signaland key signal, and supplies the resultant image signal and key signalto the base layer and the first enhancement layer. The resolutionconversion is performed by means of reduction filtering process usingfor example a reduction filter. Alternatively, after the layered imagesignal generator 201 performs resolution conversion on the input imagesignal and key signal, the resultant image signal and key signal may besupplied to the first and second enhancement layers. In this case, theresolution conversion is performed by means of expansion filteringprocess. Still alternatively, three separately generated image signalsand associated key signals (which may or may not be equal in resolution)may be output from the layered image signal generator 201 to the firstand second enhancement layers and the base layer, respectively. In thiscase, which images are output to which layers is determined in advance.

The layered image signal generator 201 also outputs flags indicating thesizes and absolute coordinate positions of VOPs in the respectivelayers. For example, in the case of the VOP encoder shown in FIG. 34, aflag FSZ_B indicating the size of the base layer VOP and a flag FPOS_Bindicating the absolute coordinate position of the base layer VOP areoutput to the base layer encoder 204. On the other hand, a flag FSZ_E1indicating the size of the first enhancement layer VOP and a flagFPOS_E1 indicating the absolute coordinate position of the firstenhancement layer VOP are output to the first enhancement layer encoder203 via the delay circuit 202. Furthermore, a flag FSZ_E2 indicating thesize of the second enhancement layer VOP and a flag FPOS_E2 indicatingthe absolute coordinate position of the second enhancement layer VOP areoutput to the second enhancement layer encoder 208 via the delay circuit207.

Furthermore, the layered image signal generator 201 outputs a flag FR1indicating the ratio of the size of the first enhancement layer VOPrelative to the size of the base layer VOP to the resolution converter205 and the first enhancement layer encoder 203 via the delay circuit202.

Similarly, the layered image signal generator 201 outputs a flag FR2indicating the ratio of the size of the second enhancement layer VOPrelative to the size of the first enhancement layer VOP to theresolution converter 209 and the second enhancement layer encoder 208via the delay circuit 207.

In this second embodiment, an one-bit flag enhancement_type is set toindicate whether an image signal in the enhancement layer corresponds toeither the entire area or a partial area of an image signal in areference layer image, and the flag enhancement_type is encoded andtransmitted. When the flag enhancemnt_type is equal to “0”, the imagesignal in that layer corresponds to the entire area of the predictionreference layer image signal or corresponds to a wider area. When theflag enhancemnt_type is equal to “1”, the image signal in that layercorresponds to a partial area of the prediction reference layer imagesignal. Whether the layers used by the respective layers in predictionand the image signals in the respective layers correspond to the entirearea or a partial area of the reference layer images is determined inadvance.

The layered image signal generator 201 generates image signals includingparticular areas with particular resolutions in the respective layers,and supplies the resultant image signals to enhancement layer encoders203 and 208, respectively, via the delay circuits 202 and 207.Furthermore, flags ref_layer_id indicating the layers referred to by therespective layers and flags enhancement_type indicating whether therespective layer correspond to the entire area or a partial area of thereference images are supplied from the layered image signal generator201 to the enhancement encoders 203 and 209.

In FIG. 34, the delay circuit 202 and the resolution converter 205operate in the same manner as in the first embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 35, the first enhancement layer encoder 203 isdescribed below. The second enhancement layer encoder 208 has a similarcircuit construction to that of the first enhancement layer encoder 203,and thus the description about the first enhancement layer encoder 203given herein below is also true for the second enhancement layer encoder208.

The first enhancement layer encoder 203 according to the secondembodiment is similar to the enhancement layer encoder 203 (FIG. 11)according to the first embodiment except for the pixel replacementcircuit 231 shown in FIG. 35.

Referring to FIG. 36, the operation of the pixel replacement circuit 231shown in FIG. 35 will be described below. First, in step S61, the flagenhancement_type is checked so as to determine whether each layer is apart of a reference layer. If enhancement type=“0”, then the processgoes to step S66, and replacement is performed by meas of intraframeextrapolation in a manner similar to that for the base layer as shown inthe flow chart of FIG. 9.

If enhancement_type=“1”, then the process goes to step S62, and it isjudged whether the corresponding key signal is equal to 0. When thepixel under judgement is within an image object, it is determined instep S62 that the key signal at a corresponding position has a value notequal to 0. In this case, the process goes to step S63, and the pixelreplacement circuit 231 simply outputs the received pixel value withoutperforming any replacement on it. On the other hand, if thecorresponding key signal is equal to 0, the process goes to step S64 andthe pixel value is replaced with 0. When the VOP has a rectangularshape, the key signal always has a value not equal to 0 (1 in the caseof a binary key, 255 in the case of a gray scale key), and thus, in thiscase, all pixels of the VOP are simply output without being subjected toany process. In an area in which there is no image, key signals in thatarea have a value equal to 0, and thus the pixel values are replacedwith 0.

Then in step S65, the flag fill_mode indicating the replacement mode ischecked, and replacement is performed in accordance with the replacementmode indicated by the flag. The replacement in the enhancement layer isperformed in either of the following two modes. In a first mode, thereplacement is performed in the same manner as in the replacementperformed in the base layer. In the other mode, pixel values in theenhancement layer are replaced with values of pixels of a referenceimage in the base layer at corresponding locations. The latter mode isemployed when the enhancement layer corresponds to a partial area of thebase layer, and the encoding is performed in a spatially scalablemanner. The scalability mode and the replacement mode are bothdetermined in advance. fill_mode is an one-bit flag indicating thereplacement mode and is supplied from the pixel replacement circuit 231to the variable-length encoder 6. The flag fill_mode is encoded by thevariable-length encoder 6 and transmitted.

If it is concluded that the flag fill_mode indicating the replacementmode has a value equal to 0, then the process goes to step S66 in whichthe pixel replacement circuit 231 performs replacement in the samemanner as that (FIG. 9) performed by the pixel replacement circuit 221(FIG. 8) in the base layer. The resultant image signal is output to theset of frame memories 11.

In the case where the flag fill_mode indicating the replacement mode hasa value equal to 1, the process goes to step S67 in which the pixelreplacement circuit 231 replaces the pixel values in the enhancementlayer with the pixel value of the base layer reference image signal atcorresponding locations. This replacement method is described in furtherdetail below with reference to FIG. 13.

In an area containing an image in which corresponding key signals have avalue not equal to 0 (for example the image object area in FIG. 13), theimage in the enhancement layer is directly employed. In the other area(the area in which horizontal lines are drawn in FIG. 13), the referenceimage is obtained by replacing pixel values in the enhancement layerwith pixel values of the base layer image which has been converted inresolution (subjected to an up-sampling process) at locationscorresponding to the locations of the reference image (UVOP0 in FIG.13).

Examples of pixel replacement for three layers are shown in FIGS. 37 and38. In the example shown in FIG. 37, the VOP in the base layer (VOL0) isan image having a rectangular shape (video_object_layer_shape !=00), andthe enhancement layer (VOL1) is a part of the base layer (VOL0) andfurthermore the VOP in the enhancement layer has an arbitrary shape(video_object_layer_shape=00). The second enhancement layer (VOL2) hasan image corresponding to the same area as the VOL0 and corresponding toan area wider than the prediction reference layer (VOL1) wherein theimage of the second enhancement layer has a rectangular shape). In VOL1,the flag fill_mode indicating the pixel replacement is set to “0”, andthus pixel replacement is performed in the manner (intraframeinterpolation) shown in the flow chart of FIG. 9.

In the example shown in FIG. 38, the VOP in the base layer (VOL0) is animage having a rectangular shape, and the enhancement layer (VOL1) is apart of the base layer (VOL0) and furthermore the VOP in the enhancementlayer has an arbitrary shape. The second enhancement layer (VOL2) has animage corresponding to the same area as the VOLO and corresponding to anarea wider than the prediction reference layer (VOL) wherein the imageof the second enhancement layer has a rectangular shape). In VOL2, theflag fill_mode indicating the pixel replacement is set to “0”, while theflag fill_mode is set to “1” in VOL1. In this case, the pixel values inVOL1 are replaced by the corresponding pixel values in VOL0.

The difference between the examples shown in FIGS. 37 and 38 isdescribed below. In both examples shown in FIGS. 37 and 38, the layerVOL2 is encoded with reference to the layer VOLL. However, VOL1corresponds to a part of VOL2. In the case of the example shown in FIG.37, the pixel replacement in the area in which there is no image andthus corresponding key signals are equal to 0 is performed by means ofintraframe extrapolation as shown in FIG. 9. As a result, in the area ofVOL1 in which the key signals are equal to 0, signals which have norelation with the corresponding area of VOL2 are employed as predictionreference signals.

On the other hand, in the case of the example shown in FIG. 38, thepixel values in such the area of VOL1 in which there is no image andthus corresponding key signals are equal to 0 are replaced with thepixel values in the base layer VOL0 at corresponding locations. Thus, inthe area of VOL1 in which key signals are equal to 0, low-resolutionimage signals of VOL2 at corresponding locations are employed asprediction reference signals.

Thus, when the encoding coefficient is important in the encodingprocess, the flag fill_mode is set to “1”.

Referring again to FIG. 35, the first enhancement layer encode 203 isfurther described. Flags ref_layer_id and enhancement_type are suppliedfrom the layered image signal generator 201 (FIG. 34) to thevariable-length encoder 6 and are inserted at predetermined locations inthe bit stream. The bit stream is then output via the transmissionbuffer 7.

The flag_enhancement_type is supplied to the pixel replacement circuit231. In accordance with the flag, the pixel replacement performs pixelreplacement as described above.

The flag ref_layer_id is supplied to the motion vector extractioncircuit 232 and the motion compensation circuit 12. The motion vectorextraction circuit 232 sets the ref_select_code to a value depending onthe predetermined picture type and supplies it to the motioncompensation circuit 12 and the variable-length encoder 6.

If the layer under consideration is a layer other than the highestlayer, for example the first enhancement layer of the three layers, thenthe image signal output from the pixel replacement circuit 231 and alsothe image signal output from the set of frame memories 11 are suppliedto the second enhancement layer encoder 208 via the resolution converter209 shown in FIG. 34.

When the layer under consideration is the second enhancement layer whichis the highest layer of the three layers, this layer is not referred toby any other layers. Therefore, in this case, no output signal issupplied to encoders in any other layers from the set of frame memories11 and the pixel replacement circuit 231.

Except for the point described above, the first enhancement layerencoder 203 of the second embodiment operates in a manner similar to theenhancement layer encoder 203 of the first embodiment.

FIG. 39 illustrates an example of the circuit configuration of the VOPdecoder 112 corresponding to the VOP encoder 103 shown in FIG. 34.Herein, the part used to decode the base layer and the first enhancementlayer is constructed in the same manner as the first embodiment (FIG.18). The VOP decoder 112 of this second embodiment includes anadditional part which is not included in the decoder shown in FIG. 18and which is used to decode the second enhancement layer. The additionalpart includes a delay circuit 256, a second enhancement layer decoder257, and a resolution converter 258. The first enhancement layer decoder253 and the second enhancement layer decoder 257 are substantially equalin construction to each other.

A bit stream is first input to a demultiplexer 251. The demultiplexer251 demultiplexes the received bit stream into separate bit streams inthe respective layers, and outputs the resultant bit streams. In thespecific example shown in FIG. 39, the decoder is adapted to performscalable decoding on three layers, and thus the input bit stream isseparated into a second enhancement layer bit stream, an enhancementlayer bit stream, and a base layer bit stream.

The base layer bit stream is directly supplied to the base layer decoder254. On the other hand, the first enhancement layer bit stream issupplied to the first enhancement layer decoder 253 via the delaycircuit 252. The second enhancement layer bit stream is supplied to thesecond enhancement layer decoder 257 via the delay circuit 256.

The delay circuits 252 and 256 make the first and second enhancementlayer bit streams delayed by a time required for the base layer decoder254 to decode one VOP, and then output the delayed bit streams to thefirst and enhancement layer decoders 253 and 257, respectively.

The base layer decoder 254 is constructed in the same manner as the baselayer decoder of the first embodiment (FIG. 19). The decoded imagesignal and key signal output from the base layer decoder 254 aresupplied to the VOP reconstruction circuit 259. On the other hand, Theflags FPOS_B and FSZ_B indicating the position and the size of the VOPdecoded by the base layer decoder 254 are also supplied to the VOPreconstruction circuit 259.

The decoded base layer image signal and key signal are also supplied tothe resolution converter 255 and are converted in resolution. Theresultant signals are supplied to the first enhancement layer decoder253.

The flags FSZ_B and FSZ_B indicating the absolute coordinate positionand the size of the decoded base layer VOP are also supplied to thefirst enhancement layer decoder 253.

The first enhancement layer bit stream generated by the demultiplexer251 is supplied to the enhancement layer decoder 253 via the delaycircuit 252.

On the other hand, the second enhancement layer bit stream generated bythe demultiplexer 251 is supplied to the second enhancement layerdecoder 257 via the delay circuit 256.

The delay circuits 252 and 256 are constructed in the same manner.Furthermore, the first enhancement layer decoder 253 and the secondenhancement layer decoder 257 are constructed in the same manner.

The decoded image signal and key signal output from the firstenhancement layer decoder 253 are supplied to the VOP reconstructioncircuit 259 and the resolution converter 258. The flags FPOS_E1 andFSZ_E1 indicating the position and the size of the VOP decoded by thefirst enhancement layer decoder 253 are also supplied to the VOPreconstruction circuit 259.

The decoded first enhancement layer image signal and key signal are alsosupplied to the resolution converter 258 and are converted inresolution. The resultant signals are supplied to the second enhancementlayer decoder 257.

The flags FSZ^(—)E1 and FSZ_E1 indicating the absolute coordinateposition and the size of the decoded first enhancement layer VOP arealso supplied to the second enhancement layer decoder 257.

The flag FR1 indicating the resolution conversion ratio decoded by thefirst enhancement layer decoder 253 is supplied to the resolutionconverter 255. In accordance with the decoded flag FR1 indicating theresolution conversion ratio, resolution conversion is performed by theresolution converter 255.

The decoded image signal and key signal output from the secondenhancement decoder 257 are supplied to the VOP reconstruction circuit259. The flags FPOS₋E2 and FSZ_E2 indicating the position and the sizeof the VOP decoded by the second enhancement layer decoder 257 are alsosupplied to the VOP reconstruction circuit 259.

The flag FR2 indicating the resolution conversion ratio decoded by thesecond enhancement layer decoder 257 is supplied to the resolutionconverter 258. In accordance with the decoded flag FR2 indicating theresolution conversion ratio, the resolution converter 258 performsresolution conversion.

The details of the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 will be describedlater.

Referring now to FIG. 40, the first enhancement layer decoder 253 isdescribed. In FIG. 40, similar elements to those in FIG. 45 or 20 aredenoted by similar reference numerals. The second enhancement layerdecoder 257 has a similar circuit construction to that of the firstenhancement layer decoder 253, and thus the description about the firstenhancement layer decoder 257 given herein below is also true for thesecond enhancement layer decoder 253.

The first enhancement layer decoder 253 according to the secondembodiment is similar to the enhancement layer decoder 253 (FIG. 20)according to the first embodiment except for the pixel replacementcircuit 271.

After the enhancement layer bit stream is stored temporarily in areception buffer 21, the enhancement layer bit stream is supplied to avariable-length decoder 22. The variable-length decode 22 performsvariable-length decoding on the enhancement layer bit stream suppliedfrom the reception buffer 21 thereby supplying a motion vector andinformation representing the prediction mode to a motion compensationcircuit 27, information representing the quantized step to an inversequantization circuit 23, and the variable-length decoded data to theinverse quantization circuit 23.

The variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag FSZ_E1 indicatingthe size of the VOP and the flag FPOS_E1 indicating the absolutecoordinate position thereof, and supplies the decoded flags to themotion compensation circuit 27, a set of frame memories 26, a key signaldecoder 274, and the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 shown in FIG. 39.

Furthermore, the variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag FR1indicating the ratio of the size (resolution) of the enhancement layerimage VOP to the size (resolution) of the base layer image VOP, andsupplies the result to the motion compensation circuit 27 and theresolution converter 255 shown in FIG. 39.

According to the flag FR1 indicating the size ratio (magnification), theresolution converter 255 performs resolution conversion on the decodedbase layer image signal and its associated key signal using a filter.The resultant signals are supplied to a set of frame memories 273 in theenhancement layer decoder 253.

The variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag ref_layer_idindicating the reference layer used in prediction, and the flagref_select_code, and supplies the result to the motion compensationcircuit 27. Still furthermore, the variable-length decoder 22 alsodecodes the flag fill_mode indicating the replacement mode and suppliesthe result to a pixel replacement circuit 271. The variable-lengthdecoder 22 also extracts the key signal bit stream and supplies theextracted key signal bit stream to the key signal decoder 274.

The variable-length decoder 22 also decodes the flag enhancement_typeindicating whether the layer under consideration corresponds to eitherthe entire area or a partial area of the reference layer, and suppliesit to the pixel replacement circuit 271 and the VOP reconstructioncircuit 259 shown in FIG. 39.

The key signal decoder 274 decodes the key signal bit stream suppliedfrom the variable-length decoder 22 in accordance with a decoding methodcorresponding to the encoding method employed. The decoded key signal issupplied to an IDCT circuit 24, the motion compensation circuit 27, andthe pixel replacement circuit 271.

The inverse quantization circuit 23 performs inverse quantization on thedata (quantized DCT coefficients) supplied from the variable-lengthdecoder 22 bock by block in accordance with the quantization stepsupplied from also the variable-length decoder 22. The resultant signalis supplied to the IDCT circuit 24. The IDCT circuit 24 performs aninverse DCT process on the data (DCT coefficients) output by the inversequantization circuit 23, and supplies the resultant data to anarithmetic operation circuit 25.

In the case where the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 isI-picture data, the image signal is directly output via the arithmeticoperation circuit 25 without being subjected to any process, and isstored in the set of frame memories 26 via the pixel replacement circuit261 for use in generating a predicted image signal of an image signalwhich will be input later to the arithmetic operation circuit 25. Theimage signal output from the arithmetic operation circuit 25 is directlyoutput to the image reconstruction circuit 259 shown in FIG. 39.

When the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 is a P-pictureor a B-picture, the motion compensation circuit 27 generates a predictedimage signal from the image signal stored in the set of frame memories26 or 273 in accordance with the motion vector, the prediction mode, theflags ref_layer_id and ref_select_code supplied from the variable-lengthdecoder 22, and outputs the resultant signal to the arithmetic operationcircuit 25. The arithmetic operation circuit 25 adds the predicted imagesignal supplied from the motion compensation circuit 27 to the imagesignal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 thereby creating a reproducedimage signal. When the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 isa P-picture, the image signal output from the arithmetic operationcircuit 25 is also stored in the set of frame memories 26 via the pixelreplacement circuit 271 so that it can be used as a reference image inthe process of decoding a subsequent image signal. However, in the caseof an intramacroblock, the arithmetic operation circuit 25 simplytransfers the image signal supplied from the IDCT circuit 24 to itsoutput without performing any process on it.

In accordance with the decoded flag flag_mode indicating the replacementmode, the pixel replacement circuit 271 performs pixel repayment in asimilar manner to the pixel replacement circuit 231 (FIG. 35) in theencoder (as shown in the flow chart of FIG. 36).

If the flag FR indicating the size ratio is equal to 1 and ifref_select_code=‘00’, then the motion compensation circuit 27 generatesa predicted image signal in accordance with the motion vector andinformation representing the prediction mode supplied from the baselayer VOP equal in time, and supplies the resultant signal to thearithmetic operation circuit 25.

In FIG. 39, the decoded enhancement layer image signal, key signal, flagFSZ_E1 indicating the size of the enhancement layer VOP, and the flagFPOS_E1 indicating the absolute coordinate position of the enhancementlayer VOP are supplied to the image reconstruction circuit 259.

The VOP reconstruction circuit shown in FIG. 39 is described in furtherdetail below. FIG. 41 illustrates an example of the circuitconfiguration of the VOP reconstruction circuit 259. Although in thisspecific example the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 is a part of the VOPdecoder 112 shown in FIG. 39, the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 is alsoa part of the image reconstruction circuit 113 in the image signaldecoder shown in FIG. 52. Image signals, key signals, flags FRindicating the size ratio relative to the prediction reference layer,flags FSZ and FPOS indicating the size and position of VOPs, which areoutput from the decoders in the respective layers, are first input toresolution converters 311 to 313, and converted in resolution at thespecified ratio.

Which layer is employed as a final decoded output signal is specified bya flag D_M which is set in accordance with an instruction externallygiven by a user. The flag D_M is supplied to a layer selection circuit317.

The resolution converters 311 to 313 determine conversion ratios inaccordance with the layer to be displayed and the flag FR indicating thesize ratio relative to the prediction reference layer. The conversionratios are determined starting with the highest layer. That is, inaccordance with the flag which is given by a user from the outside toindicate the layer to be displayed, the resolution conversion ratio forthe highest layer to be displayed is set to 1. The conversion ratio fora layer used as a prediction reference layer by the highest layer to bedisplayed is then determined in accordance with the flag FR indicatingthe ratio relative to the prediction reference layer transmitted in thehighest layer. That is, the conversion ratio is set to be equal to FR.The conversion ratio for a layer which is further referred to by theabove prediction reference layer is set to the conversion ratio of thislayer times FR of this layer. The conversion ratios are determined forother layers in a similar manner.

After being converted in resolution, the image signals, key signals, andsignals FSZ and FPOS indicating the size and the position of VOPs aresupplied to the sets of frame memories 314 to 316 and stored therein.These signals are then read out from the sets of frame memories in thepredetermined order.

The flag D_M indicating which layer is to be displayed is input to thelayer selection circuit 317. In accordance with the flag D_M, the layerselection circuit 317 turns on a switch corresponding to the layer to bedisplayed so that the signals associated with that layer are supplied toan arithmetic operation circuit 314. The switches associated with theother layers are turned off so that decoded images in those layers arenot read out from the memories.

The image signals supplied via the layer selection circuit 317 are addedtogether by the arithmetic operation circuit 314 in accordance with therespective key signals. Furthermore, in the image reconstruction circuit113 shown in FIG. 52, an image signal is reconstructed from the imagesignals and key signals supplied from the respective VOP reconstructioncircuits, and the resultant reconstructed image signal is output to theoutside.

FIG. 42 illustrates a modification of the VOP reconstruction circuit259. In this VOP reconstruction circuit shown in FIG. 42, it is assumedthat the pixel replacement circuits 231 in the respective layers performpixel replacement with fill_mode=“0” in the encoding process. In thiscase, the decoders in the layers in which the flag fill_mode is set to“0” supply only image signals to the VOP reconstruction circuit 259.

The image signals input to the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 areapplied to the layer selection circuit 317.

Also in this example, which layer is finally decoded and displayed isspecified by the flag D_M which is set in accordance with an instructionexternally given by a user. The flag D_M is supplied to the layerselection circuit 317.

In accordance with the flag D_M, the layer selection circuit 317 turnson a switch corresponding to the layer to be displayed and turns off theother switches corresponding to the layers which are not displayed sothat no decoded image signals in those layers are read out. In theexample shown in FIG. 42, only one switch is turned on and the otherswitches are turned off, in any situation.

As described above, when encoding is performed with fill_mode=“0”, it ispossible to employ a simple VOP reconstruction circuit such as thatshown in FIG. 42. This makes it possible to remove the sets of framememories 314 to 316 shown in FIG. 41, and thus a reduction in cost canbe achieved.

FIG. 38 illustrates an example in which fill_mode=“0”. In this case, thesets of frame memories 26 of the decoders of both enhancement layers(VOL1, VOL2) store the image signals in the same area, and pixelreplacement process is performed using low-resolution image signals atthe same locations. Therefore, pixel replacement can be performed byreading image signals in either one layer from the set of frame memories26. This means that the set of frame memories 26 of the decoder (FIG.40) and the sets of frame memories 314 to 316 of the VOP reconstructioncircuit 259 (FIG. 41) may be realized by a single set of frame memoriesused for these purposes.

In contrast, when fill_mode=“1” as is the case in the example shown inFIG. 37, the areas of the respective layers do not necessarilycorrespond to one another. Besides, pixel replacement is performed bymeans of intraframe extrapolation. For the above reasons, the set offrame memories 25 used for prediction in the decoder can not be sharedby the sets of frame memories 314 to 316 of the VOP reconstructioncircuit 259, and thus the construction shown in FIG. 41 is necessary.

However, when fill_mode=“0”, if the same memory is employed for use as aprediction memory and also as a reconstruction memory, this constructionis unsuitable for use in edition of image objects. For example, toreplace only the background image with another bit stream, it is moredesirable to form the VOP reconstruction circuit 259 as shown in FIG.41.

Therefore, when it is desired to achieve a high encoding efficiency or asmall-scaled circuit, pixel replacement is performed with fill_mode=0,and encoding/decoding is performed in a corresponding fashion. On theother hand, when it is desired to re-edit images, encoding is performedwith fill_mode=“1”.

The syntax of the scalable encoding according to the second embodimentis described below for the case of MPEG4VM (verification model). In thesecond embodiment, the syntax is similar to that of the first embodimentexcept for that associated with VOL.

FIG. 43 illustrates the syntax of VOL. As in the first embodiment,fill_mode is an one-bit flag used to indicate the replacement mode. Whenthe flag fill_mode is equal to 1, pixel replacement is performed using abase layer image which has been converted in conversion. This flag istransmitted only in the enhancement layer. enhancement_type is anone-bit flag used to indicate whether the corresponding layer is a partof a prediction reference layer. When enhancement_type=“1”, thecorresponding layer is a part of the prediction reference layer. In theother cases, enhancement_type is set to “0”.

A program used to execute the above-described processes may betransmitted to a user via a transmission medium. Transmission mediaavailable for this purpose include a recoding medium such as a magneticdisk, a CD-ROM, and a solid state memory, and a communication mediumsuch as a network and a satellite communication system.

As described above, in the image signal encoding method and the imagesignal encoding apparatus, an image signal decoding method and an imagesignal decoding apparatus, and the image signal transmission method,according to the present invention, a reference image is generated byreplacing the pixels outside an image object in the enhancement layerwith proper pixels in the base layer so that a motion vector is detectedin a highly efficient fashion and so that encoding efficiency isimproved. This technique also allows a reduction in calculation cost.

Although the present invention has been described above with referenceto specific embodiments, the invention is not limited to theseembodiments. Various modifications and applications are possible withoutdeparting from the sprit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An image signal encoding apparatus for encoding aplurality of image signals, at least one of said plurality of imagesignals being an image signal representing a moving image object, saidat least one of the plurality of image signals including a signal usedto combine it with at least one other image signal of said plurality ofimage signals, said apparatus comprising: an image supplier forsupplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layer imagesignal scalably representing said image signal representing a movingimage object; an enhancement layer encoder for encoding said enhancementlayer image signal thereby generating an encoded enhancement layersignal; and a base layer encoder for encoding said base layer imagesignal thereby generating an encoded base layer signal; wherein saidenhancement layer encoder comprises: a generator for generating areference image signal used to calculate a motion vector of theenhancement layer image signal to be encoded, said reference imagesignal being generated by replacing the values of pixels outside saidimage object of the enhancement layer image signal with the values ofpredetermined pixels at corresponding locations of the base layer imagesignal; a detector for detecting the motion vector of said enhancementlayer image signal to be encoded using said reference image signal; andan encoder for encoding said enhancement layer image signal using apredicted image signal of said enhancement layer image signal, saidpredicted image signal being generated by performing motion compensationusing said detected motion vector.
 2. An image signal encoding apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said generator replaces the values ofpixels outside said image object of the enhancement layer image signalwith the values of pixels at corresponding locations of a base layerimage signal which is time coincident with said reference image signalthereby generating said reference image signal used to calculate themotion vector of the enhancement layer image signal to be encoded.
 3. Animage signal encoding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidgenerator replaces the values of pixels outside said image object of theenhancement layer image signal with the values of pixels atcorresponding locations of a base layer image signal which is timecoincident with said image signal to be encoded thereby generating saidreference image signal used to calculate the motion vector of theenhancement layer image signal to be encoded.
 4. An image signalencoding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said enhancement layerencoder generates a flag indicating an image to be replaced.
 5. An imagesignal encoding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said imagesupplier includes a layered signal generator for generating saidenhancement layer image signal and said base layer image signalrepresented in a scalable fashion from said image signal representing amoving image object.
 6. An image signal encoding apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein: said generator has a first replacement mode and asecond replacement mode; in said first replacement mode, said generatorreplaces the values of pixels outside said image object of theenhancement layer image signal with the values of predetermined pixelsof the base layer image signal thereby generating the reference imagesignal used to calculate the motion vector of the enhancement layerimage signal to be encoded; in said second replacement mode, saidgenerator replaces the values of pixels outside said image object of theenhancement layer image signal with values obtained by extrapolatingpixel values inside said image object thereby generating the referenceimage signal used to calculate the motion vector of the enhancementlayer image signal to be encoded; and said generator generates a flagindicating a replacement mode.
 7. An image signal encoding apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said image supplier further supplies aflag indicating the size of said enhancement layer image signal, a flagindicating the position thereof with respect to an absolute position, aflag indicating the size of said base layer image signal, and a flagindicating the position thereof with respect to the absolute position.8. An image signal encoding apparatus according to claim 7, wherein saidimage supplier further supplies a flag indicating the ratio of theresolution of said enhancement layer image signal to that of said baselayer image signal.
 9. An image signal encoding apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein: said enhancement layer image signal is a firstenhancement layer image signal, said image supplier further supplies asecond enhancement layer image signal which is higher in layer than saidenhancement layer image signal, said first and second enhancement layerimage signals representing differently scaled versions of said imagesignal representing a moving image object; and said apparatus furthercomprises a second enhancement layer encoder for encoding said secondenhancement layer image signal thereby generating a second encodedenhancement layer signal, said second enhancement layer encodercomprising: a generator for generating a second reference image signalused to calculate a motion vector of the second enhancement layer imagesignal to be encoded, said second reference image signal being generatedby replacing the values of pixels outside said image object of saidsecond enhancement layer image signal with the values of predeterminedpixels of the first enhancement layer image signal; a detector fordetecting the motion vector of said second enhancement layer imagesignal to be encoded using said second reference image signal; and asecond encoder for encoding said second enhancement layer image signalusing a second predicted image signal of said second enhancement layerimage signal, said second predicted image signal being generated byperforming motion compensation using said detected motion vector of thesecond enhancement layer image signal.
 10. An image signal encodingmethod for encoding a plurality of image signals, at least one of saidplurality of image signals being an image signal representing a movingimage object, said at least one of the plurality of image signalsincluding a signal used to combine it with at least one other imagesignal of said plurality of image signals, said method comprising thesteps of: supplying a base layer image signal and an enhancement layerimage signal scalably representing said image signal representing amoving image object; encoding said enhancement layer image signalthereby generating an encoded enhancement layer signal; and encodingsaid base layer image signal thereby generating an encoded base layersignal; wherein said step of encoding said enhancement layer imagesignal comprises the steps of: generating a reference image signal usedto calculate a motion vector of the enhancement layer image signal to beencoded, said reference image signal being generated by replacing thevalues of pixels outside said image object of the enhancement layerimage signal with the values of predetermined pixels at correspondinglocations of the base layer image signal; detecting the motion vector ofsaid enhancement layer image signal to be encoded using said referenceimage signal; and encoding said enhancement layer image signal using apredicted image signal of said enhancement layer image signal, saidpredicted image signal being generated by performing motion compensationusing said detected motion vector.
 11. The image signal encoding methodof claim 10, wherein said enhancement layer signal is a firstenhancement layer signal, and said method further comprises the stepsof: supplying a second enhancement layer image signal which is higher inlayer than said first enhancement layer image signal, said first andsecond enhancement layer image signals representing differently scaledversions of said image signal representing a moving image object;encoding said second enhancement layer image signal thereby generating asecond encoded enhancement layer signal, by: generating a secondreference image signal used to calculate a motion vector of the secondenhancement image signal, said second reference image signal beinggenerated by replacing the values of pixels outside said image object ofsaid second enhancement layer image signal with the values ofpredetermined pixels of the first enhancement layer image signal;detecting the motion vector of said second enhancement layer imagesignal to be encoded using said second reference image signal; encodingsaid second enhancement layer image signal using a second predictedimage signal of said second enhancement layer image signal, said secondpredicted image signal being generated by performing motion compensationusing said detected motion vector of said second enhancement layer imagesignal; and transmitting said encoded second layer image signal.
 12. Animage signal transmission method for encoding a plurality of imagesignals, at least one of said plurality of image signals being an imagesignal representing a moving image object, said at least one of theplurality of image signals including a signal used to combine it with atleast one other image signal of said plurality of image signals, saidmethod comprising the steps of: supplying a base layer image signal andan enhancement layer image signal scalably representing said imagesignal representing a moving image object; encoding said enhancementlayer image signal thereby generating an encoded enhancement layersignal; and encoding said base layer image signal thereby generating anencoded base layer signal; wherein said step of encoding saidenhancement layer image signal comprises the steps of: generating areference image signal used to calculate a motion vector of theenhancement layer image signal to be encoded, said reference imagesignal being generated by replacing the values of pixels outside saidimage object of the enhancement layer image signal with the values ofpredetermined pixels at corresponding locations of the base layer imagesignal; detecting the motion vector of said enhancement layer imagesignal to be encoded using said reference image signal; encoding saidenhancement layer image signal using a predicted image signal of saidenhancement layer image signal, said predicted image signal beinggenerated by performing motion compensation using said detected motionvector; and generating a flag indicating an image to be replaced; saidmethod further comprising the step of transmitting said encodedenhancement layer image signal, said encoded base layer image signal,said motion vector, and said flag.
 13. The image signal transmissionmethod of claim 12, wherein said enhancement layer signal is a firstenhancement layer signal, and said method further comprises the stepsof: supplying a second enhancement layer image signal which is higher inlayer than said first enhancement layer image signal, said first andsecond enhancement layer image signals representing differently scaledversions of said image signal representing a moving image object;encoding said second enhancement layer image signal thereby generating asecond encoded enhancement layer signal, by: generating a secondreference image signal used to calculate a motion vector of the secondenhancement image signal, said second reference image signal beinggenerated by replacing the values of pixels outside said image object ofsaid second enhancement layer image signal with the values ofpredetermined pixels of the first enhancement layer image signal;detecting the motion vector of said second enhancement layer imagesignal to be encoded using said second reference image signal; andencoding said second enhancement layer image signal using a secondpredicted image signal of said second enhancement layer image signal,said second predicted image signal being generated by performing motioncompensation using said detected motion vector of said secondenhancement layer image signal.